tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-87089081121397511902024-03-13T20:05:29.544+05:30Suman Sahai BlogSUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.comBlogger192125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-79755491385007184472024-01-02T22:14:00.002+05:302024-01-02T22:14:28.474+05:30Food Security In Troubled Times : The global food system’s stability is under threat<p>Suman Sahai</p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">The world is demanding more food each day. This is
principally due to the demands of a growing population but also because people
by and large are getting wealthier and want more and better food.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> Coinciding with this growing demand for food is the
phenomenon of climate change which has already begun to threaten food output
and reduce the amount of food available. These two simultaneous developments
are threatening the stability of the global food system.<br />
<br />
On the one hand climate turbulence , chiefly floods and droughts slash away the
expected harvests of major staple foods like rice, wheat and corn so that there
is less available. On the other hand, a ‘getting wealthier’ class of
people in both developing and developed countries is wanting and able to eat
better, especially meat and other animal products like butter, ghee, cream,
cheese etc.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> All this is putting a lot of pressure on the land,
leading to more and more intensive farming practices, using chemicals to
extract the maximum out of plants and animals. So you have an overdosing of the
land with chemical fertilisers to put in chemical nutrients rather than allow
natural organic nutrients to build up in the soil.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Along with this comes the excessive use of toxic chemical
pesticides to kill the pests that follow intensive chemical farming because
their natural predators that keep them in check are dead. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As our own experience with the South-west Monsoon shows us,
the weather is getting increasingly uncertain. There are floods and droughts in
unexpected locations, at unexpected times. Climate shocks, particularly
droughts which are becoming more frequent now and occurring in unlikely
locations, have caused the most upheavals in global food supplies. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"> The American Midwest is the world’s greatest producer
of maize and soybean. The drought of 1988/89 swept through the maize-soya belt
of the US. This resulted in a loss of 12% of global maize supply, which meant
maize eating food importing countries had lesser maize to import at higher
prices. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The widespread drought of 2002/03, hit wheat production in
Russia, Europe, India and China, resulting in a 6% reduction in global wheat
supply. At the same time, the 2002/03 drought hit rice production in India ,
causing a decline of 4% in rice output. When there is a shortfall in global
food stocks, the biggest casualties are food importing countries that are
dependent on imported food.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">India, and other Monsoon dependent countries, are
particularly vulnerable to climate turbulence because a disturbance in the
rainfall timing and pattern and the total amount of water received during the
Monsoon period is a significant factor in India’s food self-sufficiency. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The health of the Monsoon essentially determines the amount
of rice, India’s major staple food, that will be produced. India’s Monsoon
period has been on average 100 days long. This is the period during which the
country receives almost all the water it will get from rainfall. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Monsoon period is already reduced by about 15 days so in
effect the total amount of water we are getting has also gone down by some 15
%. This is having serious implications already and the situation is likely to
worsen in the coming years. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So how do we cope with the impacts of climate change and
secure our food supply ? Well first, we need to get off the uniform,
monoculture, chemical treadmill because that kind of chemical based intensive
food production is the most vulnerable to climate shock. It also produces
unhealthy food, contributes to worsening climate change and pretty much wrecks
up the environment. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">There are some important changes we need to make but let’s
start with a few. We need to get out our genetic diversity of crop plants and
deploy it. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If you have many varieties of rice in the field or of wheat
or potato, or maize or whatever, then you are quite safe. If some varieties get
destroyed because of unseasonal weather, others will survive, so you may have
less food but you will have food. If you plant only that one high yielding
variety backed up by chemical fertilisers and pesticides and that one variety
falls to climate turbulence, then you have no food. So diversity is
smart. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Invest in millets, instead of just rice and wheat as staple
foods in your kitchen. These little grains are nutrition bombs and can take on
the worst of climate change. The ‘big’ millets are Sorghum (jowar) and Pearl
millet (bajra). The ‘small’ millets are: <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">* Finger millet (ragi) High in calcium, and makes rotis and
snacks <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">* Barnyard millet. Called ‘sawa’ in Hindi. Once a staple,
it’s now eaten during fasts and is rich in iron <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">* Foxtail millet. Can be cooked like rice and made into
upma <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Then there are the fibre and mineral rich millets: <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">* Kodo millet Little millet (kutki in Hindi) <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">* Proso millet (cheena in Hindi).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">All of these are now quite easily available in the market
and can be cooked in different ways for tasty, nutritious meals. So start
making some changes in the food you bring home<br />
<br />
<b><i>Source: <a href="https://www.thecitizen.in/opinion/food-security-in-troubled-times-962233?infinitescroll=1">https://www.thecitizen.in/opinion/food-security-in-troubled-times-962233?infinitescroll=1</a> </i></b><o:p></o:p></p><br /><p></p>SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-54875804978319872882024-01-02T21:42:00.000+05:302024-01-02T21:42:22.336+05:30Agriculture faces a threat as man, animal conflicts begin to escalate<p><span style="font-family: helvetica;"> Suman Sahai</span></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Apart
from the vagaries of the weather which present a huge challenge to India’s
agriculture and food production, animals raiding crops constitute another, not
insignificant challenge. In the plains of Uttar Pradesh, large herds of the
antelope called “nilgai” and abandoned cows cause massive damage to standing
crops. The nilgai, because of its name that ends in “gai” (cow), is assumed by
villagers to have some association with the cow. That makes it holy, and the
village people will not kill it even if it rampages through their fields.
Explaining that it is a kind of deer, not a cow, doesn’t seem to convince and
nobody wants to take the risk of bringing upon themselves a heap of cosmic
curses by taking the life of a holy animal. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Cows
that have been abandoned have turned feral and also extremely aggressive. They
move in large gangs and can decimate great tracts of standing crops in one
visit. They charge at farmers who try to chase them away and, in several
instances, have gored people seriously enough to cause death. So, farmers have
started fencing their fields at great cost, a cost they can ill afford. Both
the nilgai and the feral cows are not restrained by barbed wire which they
break through, so in desperation, some farmers have begun to use the concertina
wires used in high security areas. These wires have sharp blades along their
length and when animals try to push through, they are lacerated by the blades,
injuring themselves badly. This is causing a painful dilemma for farmers who do
not wish to hurt animals, but have no other way of protecting their crops and
livelihoods.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">In
mountainous regions like Uttarakhand, it is big gangs (technically called
“sounders”) of wild boar (wild pigs) that do the damage. Farmers are abandoning
agriculture, leaving their fields fallow because the marauding boars come at
night and dig up the fields, eating whatever is planted and destroying the
field bunds and boundaries. The boar are also aggressive animals and in numbers
they are dangerous since they attack when confronted. The male boar, which has
one or two upturned tusks, can rip open a man’s abdomen if threatened.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The
other, more recent, problem in the hills are the rhesus, or the red face (and
red bottom!) monkeys. These rhesus monkeys are not native to the mountain areas
of Uttarakhand but have been trucked up from the plains, as one hears, where
they have set up home in the shaded nooks of government buildings and where the
packed lunches of employees provide rich pickings. The North and South Blocks
of Raisina Hill in New Delhi, the seat of India’s government, are preferred
locations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Stories
of marauding monkeys entering government offices and destroying files have
appeared in the media. True or not, they have given a convenient excuse to the
worthies in the government to attribute the disappearance of controversial,
inconvenient files to the raiding rhesus monkeys! To rid themselves of the
monkey pest, Delhi decided to collect the simians and truck them up to the
hills.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">These
monkeys, however, are not “wild” animals. Born in cities, they are urban
creatures brought up on snatched human food. No wild berries or succulent
leaves for them, their food preferences tend to parathas and sandwiches when
they are not being fed bananas by devout Hindus propitiating the avatar of
Hanuman.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Bewildered
by the unfamiliar terrain in the mountains of Uttarakhand, they do not rush to
the forest, presumed by North Block babus to be their “natural” home, but
gravitate to inhabited areas because that is what they are accustomed to. In
the hills, they descend on orchards and agricultural fields.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">When
they raid orchards, they eat some fruit and destroy far more, plucking the
unripe fruit and throwing it down. In fields, they will eat what they want but
will have uprooted many more plants by the time they leave. They are quite
destructive, our close relatives after all!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">This
is a partial snapshot of how the man-animal conflict plays out in rural areas,
where the livelihoods of farmers comes under strain because of the damage
caused by animal populations that should be better managed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Uttarakhand
did for a while declare wild boar to be “vermin” that could be killed if
causing damage to crops. The ridiculous condition was that a forest official
had to be informed of a wild boar attack, and then he would come to destroy the
animal. This assumed that the boar would hang around till the official arrived
to slaughter them. Naturally they didn’t, and the scheme did not work.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">The
culling of natural populations of fast-breeding animals like deer, boar, etc,
is practiced in many countries, including most of Europe. This keeps the
population at a manageable number such that their habitat can support. That way
a man-animal conflict is avoided. This would be a solution for India if
implemented sanely. Some wildlife enthusiasts would proclaim that humans have
no place on this planet, whose original inhabitants were the wild animals, and
the earth should revert to them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: helvetica;">Although
I see a certain theoretical point in that argument, I am inclined towards a
policy of co-existence as we are now also part of the ecosystem.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p><i>Source:- https://www.asianage.com/amp/opinion/columnists/270723/suman-sahai-agriculture-faces-a-threat-as-man-animal-conflicts-begin-to-escalate.html</i><p></p>SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-63143866914698894822024-01-02T21:33:00.000+05:302024-01-02T21:33:02.275+05:30In India, has the environment now been destroyed beyond recovery?<p> Suman Sahai</p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal">With dramatic changes in the climate overtaking our world,
the ferocious pollution in Delhi, the most polluted city in the world and
across North India, the irony should not be lost on anyone that world leaders
will be sitting down to yet another ineffectual talkathon on arresting climate
change just over a week from now. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The 2023 UN Climate Change Conference will be held in Dubai
from November 30 to December 12, 2023. The main meeting will be the COP 28
(28th meeting of the Conference of the Parties) as well as the 18th meeting of
the parties to the Kyoto Protocol. And the fifth meeting of the parties to the
Paris Agreement. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Kyoto Protocol of 1997 was an international treaty to
reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases causing global warming. Industrial
countries with high emissions were required to cut back more than the less
polluting developing countries. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The Paris Agreement of 2015 was a pledge to keep global
temperature rise well below two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and
to aim to keep the rise below 1.5 degrees Celsius. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The hyperbolic agenda of COP 28 is: Fast-tracking energy
transition and slashing emissions before 2030; Transforming climate finance,
delivering on old promises and setting the framework for a new deal on finance;
Putting nature, people, lives, and livelihoods at the heart of climate action;
and even more immodestly -- Mobilising for the most inclusive COP ever. I
wonder how many people believe any of this.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Nothing except hot air has emerged from these treaties and
the global climate has only worsened, causing the UN Secretary-General, Antonio
Guterres, to despair recently that humanity has “opened the gates to hell” by
allowing the climate crisis to worsen. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">As if to provide the scientific underpinning to Mr Guterres’
hopelessness, a new report has just come in October titled “The 2023 State of
the Climate Report: Entering Unchartered Territory”. Brought out by Oxford
University Press, the report is authored by a multi-disciplinary team of
scientists from different countries. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The headline message of the report is that “Life on Planet
Earth is under Siege and we are now in Unchartered Territory’’ This bald,
terrifying statement says in so many words that it is possibly too late to
reverse the damage done to the climate and that it is going to get increasingly
difficult, if not impossible, to predict the timing, the nature and severity of
anomalous events that will take place in the future. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">2023 will probably turn out to be a benchmark year when many
planetary boundaries were irretrievably breached. In July, 2023 was recorded as
the hottest year on record. Scientists derive from paleo evidence that this
July was probably the hottest in 100,000 years. If that doesn’t sound crazy
enough, July 2023 is also when the Antarctic Sea ice reached its lowest level
so far and unprecedented numbers of wildfires were seen across temperate areas,
particularly in North America.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Asia is turning out to be particularly vulnerable to climate
upheavals and disasters. We are seeing the increasingly vulnerable state of
North India, particularly in the Indo-Gangetic plains, where high levels of
pollution persist for months and uncharacteristic weather events have become
more frequent. Cloud bursts and heavy monsoon rains cause flash floods and
landslides in northern India. The heavy, nonstop rain for three days starting
with a cloud burst wrought havoc in the Kumaon region of Uttarakhand in 2021.
If the devastating floods of Pakistan in 2022 and the frequent flooding in
Bangladesh and China are any indication, the Asian region has already slipped
into a highly atypical weather pattern. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The climate of the regions around the Hindukush and
Himalayan mountains is directly influenced by the snow-capped ranges which are
bearing the brunt of global warming. Glaciers here are melting at a quickened
pace. It is estimated that over half of the earth’s 215,000 glaciers will melt
by the end of the century, even if global warming is limited to 1.5 degrees
Celsius. Images captured by Nasa satellites reveal that the Himalayas have
already lost about one third of their permanent ice (permafrost) in just the
last 50 years. This has serious implications for the water availability in the
major rivers of North India. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">When glaciers melt and retreat, glacial lakes are formed
collecting the melted water. These are fragile, highly unstable structures that
can rupture their banks easily, resulting in large volumes of water flowing
down in torrents, producing devastating floods. Such GLOFs (Glacial Lake
Outburst Floods) are becoming more frequent. A GLOF event is what caused the
2013 Kedarnath disaster, when at least 5000 people lost their lives.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A GLOF is also what
caused the flash floods in Sikkim in 2023 where along with a significant number
of lives lost, huge damage was caused to expensive infrastructure, including
Chungthang dam and hydroelectric power project. In a swiftly warming world,
there is a greater likelihood we will see more instances of catastrophic floods
caused when the unstable glacial lakes breach their insubstantial banks. As it
is, satellite data show that the last 30 years have seen a big surge in the
volume of glacial lakes. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">All this tells us how precarious our hold now is on the
planet that has sustained human civilisations over millennia. Population growth
coupled with an economic growth model that is anchored in a rapacious appetite
for more and more has extracted more resources and emitted more pollutants that
the environment could handle. We have destroyed the equilibrium of nature. I
could end on a prescription of “What to Do” to make things good again, but the
solutions have been screamed from the rooftops at every COP meeting. Only,
nobody listened. I am afraid that they will not listen at COP 28 either.<o:p></o:p></p><i>Source: https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/columnists/191123/suman-sahai-in-india-has-the-environment-now-been-destroyed-beyond.html</i><p></p>SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-74148673961235472822023-11-17T21:51:00.000+05:302023-11-17T21:51:00.752+05:30Re-imagining Agriculture<p><b><span style="font-size: medium;"> Suman Sahai</span></b></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">Gene Campaign has been working in Uttarakhand for about 20 years on issues related to agriculture, food and nutrition. In this period I have seen significant changes among the people, especially the youth. The aspirations of the younger generation with respect to what they want from life are changing so rapidly that people of the older generation are most often not aware of what their children want. Indeed this is true across the country , especially in rural areas where agriculture remains the mainstay but where there is a growing disconnect from it. This is not new. Several studies show farmers are increasingly disenchanted with farming and would move out of it if they had a chance. One study found that 48 % that is roughly half the farming community did not want the next generation to take up farming.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">The policy makers and scientists have not, however, synchronized their planning with the aspirations of either the farming community or the young people living in rural areas. Let me start with the dominant narrative in the food and agriculture sector.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">We are still talking the language of ‘food security’ and nutrition security’ . Granted that the latter remains a challenge of serious dimension but in my many conversations with young farmers in Uttarakhand , Jharkhand, UP, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and occasionally other states reveals one common theme. </p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">Young people want cash incomes so change the focus and the discourse from ‘food security’ to ‘ generating cash incomes from the farm’. The younger rural youth perceives agriculture as a mug’s game. I have often heard the farmers’ sons say “ Babu you do the farming, I am off to the city where I will at least get a steady income”. In a consumerist society and with the onslaught of mindless television programs and worse, advertisements, the young people do not want to associate with agriculture.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">But this can change if agriculture starts generating cash incomes that can buy them the kinds of things they aspire to, a powerful motorcycle, a bigger television set, fashionable clothes and shoes, visits to the city, holidays and so on.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">So my suggestion is, make the focus surplus cash rather than food security alone. Change the perception about agriculture. In today’s world, perception is king !!</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">In the television promotions on national channels, stop showing the farmer in a dhoti with a plough upon his shoulder, crushed with misery with three lines of frowns upon his forehead. Or looking bleakly up to the sky waiting for the rain to come as he sits on parched earth which is cracked from the drought. That is not an image the youth ( or anyone else) wants to identify with. Show the farmer as a smart young man or woman taking produce to the market, processing fruit into attractive bottles of juice and jams, operating a unit making parboiled rice and packing it into attractive packages, making chips out of potatoes, sauce out of tomatoes, biscuits out of flour. Show that agriculture makes money.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">Take a cue from the advertising that the defence sector does. When they invite people to join the army, airforce or navy. A smart young man in his blue- gray overalls, carrying his helmet is shown in the backdrop of a fighter plane. The army is represented by fit young men in spit and polish, looking ready to take on any enemy to defend the country. A woman in uniform is marching at the Republic Day Parade leading a contingent. These are powerful, and attractive images. The airforce doesn’t put up images of mangled, crashed MiGs nor does the army put up pictures of bloodied, shot up soldiers.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">Then why do we persist in showing a miserable broken farmer unable to feed his family, broken by the adversities of his life. Adversity is as much part of his life as crashed planes and sunken ships belong to a career in the airforce and navy. But is that what you want to project as all that the defence sector offers? </p><div class="wp-block-image" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px;"><figure class="aligncenter size-full" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; display: table; margin: 0px auto;"><img alt="Agricultural fields in Himalaya Photo courtesy: Ayush Joshi" class="wp-image-1635" data-attachment-id="1635" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-caption="<p>Agricultural fields in Himalaya Photo courtesy: Ayush Joshi</p>
" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"1.88","credit":"","camera":"A063","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1691488189","copyright":"","focal_length":"5.59","iso":"100","shutter_speed":"0.002","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="Agricultural fields in Himalaya Photo courtesy: Ayush Joshi" data-large-file="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/stsp/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img/https://i0.wp.com/savekumaon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/agricultural-fields.jpg?fit=600%2C450&ssl=1" data-medium-file="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/stsp/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img/https://i0.wp.com/savekumaon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/agricultural-fields.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-orig-file="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/stsp/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img/https://i0.wp.com/savekumaon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/agricultural-fields.jpg?fit=600%2C450&ssl=1" data-orig-size="600,450" data-permalink="https://savekumaon.com/agricultural-fields/" data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" height="450" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" src="https://i0.wp.com/savekumaon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/agricultural-fields.jpg?resize=600%2C450&ssl=1" srcset="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/stsp/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img/https://i0.wp.com/savekumaon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/agricultural-fields.jpg?w=600&ssl=1 600w, https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/stsp/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img/https://i0.wp.com/savekumaon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/agricultural-fields.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom;" width="600" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: 0.5em; text-align: center;">Agricultural fields in Himalaya Photo courtesy: Ayush Joshi</figcaption></figure></div><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">In Gene Campaign’s work in Uttarakhand, we have begun to talk about the great possibilities that the farm, orchard and livestock offers to make money and lead good lives. We have started training programs in value addition of fruits, vegetables and traditional grains. We have had experts come and give training and demonstrations in increasing the production and productivity of crops. We also talk to farmers about the value of healthy, clean produce if they want their products to reach the market and get a good price. We are introducing the concept of standards and the importance of meeting those standards if they want to make their products viable and competitive in the market.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">We work principally with women farmers and we have organised them into Mahila Kissan Samitis (MKS). Here in Uttarkhand, as in most hill states, the women do most of the agricultural work so we figured they should claim the identify too. We have provided access to government schemes and programs, specially those related to agriculture and horticulture thus enabling them to apply in time and follow up their applications.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">There has been a noticeable improvement in self confidence and a sense of empowerment. At a MKS sammelan attended by government officials like block officers, agriculture development officials, bank managers , horticulture department etc, we were delighted to see the women being assertive, taking on the officials about government schemes not reaching them and being monopolised by a few.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">On the other hand, to build skills and capacity for income generation, the women have received training in value addition of fruits , millets and traditional grains. Also in hygienic processing, standardisation, packaging and marketing. On the financial side they have been trained in the pricing of products, accounts and book keeping. Many of them have started earning from the sale of rhododendron and fruit products. They have also increased the consumption of millets in different forms at home which will hopefully lead to a better nutritional status over time.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">Source:https://savekumaon.com/agriculture/ </p>SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-87682940212474058172023-11-17T21:49:00.001+05:302023-11-17T21:49:10.989+05:30Millets Will Solve Problems<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px;">As a large section of India is now aware, 2023 has been declared the Year of Millets by the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (UN FAO). The highlighting of millets on the global platform was mooted by MS Swaminathan some years ago, to focus attention on the importance of these highly nutritious grains which had ceded agricultural space to wheat and rice and fallen by the wayside after the Green Revolution. Ever since the UN FAO declaration, campuses across India are holding programs on millets. Every agriculture research station is conducting awareness programs, the better ones are doing exhibitions and demonstrations. How sorely such awareness programs are needed is seen in the near blank responses of the majority of visitors when asked what they knew about millets. Nothing. </span></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">Why are millets important, one might ask. India is home to the largest number of hungry people in the world and sits near the bottom on the list of countries facing high levels of malnutrition. India also , like many countries in the tropical zone, is going to bear the worst brunt of climate change. This means a rocky agriculture scenario with unstable food production. Wheat, North India’s main Rabi (winter) crop is anticipated to suffer significant declines in production as temperatures rise with global warming. This becomes exceedingly critical since wheat along with rice, is the mainstay of India’s buffer stocks and its subsidized food programs. These are the Public Distribution System (PDS), the Mid Day Meal Scheme in schools, The ICDS ( Integrated Child Development Services Scheme) as well as the Annapurna and Antodaya food schemes. </p><div class="wp-block-image" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px;"><figure class="aligncenter size-full" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; display: table; margin: 0px auto;"><img alt="millets in field photo courtesy Dr Suman Sahai" class="wp-image-1226" data-attachment-id="1226" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-caption="" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"4.5","credit":"","camera":"Canon PowerShot SX700 HS","caption":"","created_timestamp":"1411360557","copyright":"","focal_length":"12.193","iso":"100","shutter_speed":"0.0166666666667","title":"","orientation":"1"}" data-image-title="millets in field photo courtesy Dr Suman Sahai" data-large-file="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/stsp/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img/https://i0.wp.com/savekumaon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/millets-in-filed-photo-courtesy-Dr-Suman-Sahai.jpg?fit=640%2C480&ssl=1" data-medium-file="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/stsp/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img/https://i0.wp.com/savekumaon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/millets-in-filed-photo-courtesy-Dr-Suman-Sahai.jpg?fit=300%2C225&ssl=1" data-orig-file="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/stsp/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img/https://i0.wp.com/savekumaon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/millets-in-filed-photo-courtesy-Dr-Suman-Sahai.jpg?fit=1024%2C768&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1024,768" data-permalink="https://savekumaon.com/millets-in-filed-photo-courtesy-dr-suman-sahai/" data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" height="480" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" src="https://i0.wp.com/savekumaon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/millets-in-filed-photo-courtesy-Dr-Suman-Sahai.jpg?resize=640%2C480&ssl=1" srcset="https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/stsp/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img/https://i0.wp.com/savekumaon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/millets-in-filed-photo-courtesy-Dr-Suman-Sahai.jpg?w=1024&ssl=1 1024w, https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/stsp/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img/https://i0.wp.com/savekumaon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/millets-in-filed-photo-courtesy-Dr-Suman-Sahai.jpg?resize=300%2C225&ssl=1 300w, https://cdn.shortpixel.ai/stsp/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img/https://i0.wp.com/savekumaon.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/millets-in-filed-photo-courtesy-Dr-Suman-Sahai.jpg?resize=768%2C576&ssl=1 768w" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: bottom;" width="640" /></figure></div><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">Millets can play a major role in addressing these challenges to India’s food and nutrition security. That’s because millets are hardy crops with a wide adaptation window which allows them to grow in diverse agro-ecological zones. They grow in high altitudes, in low altitudes like the plains of India and almost everywhere else. They need little water and have high temperature tolerance. </p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">On top of all this, the photosynthesis system of millets is more efficient than that of wheat and rice. In scientific jargon, millets are C4 crops whereas rice and wheat are C3 crops. C4 crops have a higher water use efficiency and are productive in climatic conditions that are hot and dry. C3 crops on the other hand, suffer under hot and dry conditions and lose productivity. That is the reason, millets will perform well under the hot and water stressed conditions brought about by climate change and will hence stabilise food production better than wheat and rice. So much for the production of food grains. </p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">The other stellar role that millets can play is in alleviating malnutrition. This is especially relevant for states like Uttarakhand which show appalling figures for malnutrition. Millets are nutrition bombs that are loaded with vitamins and minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese and several others. Finger millet, also called ragi and madua is loaded with calcium. Barnyard millet called sawa in UP and Bihar and madira in Uttarakhand, is a powerhouse of iron. These micronutrients are the key to good health and their deficiency is the main cause of under nutrition and malnutrition. Mainstreaming millets and incorporating them in family diets will go a long way in helping to improve the nutritional status of our poor. But to get there, a lot of work needs to be done.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">Source: https://savekumaon.com/millets/</p>SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-63610653135506549712023-11-17T21:46:00.003+05:302023-11-17T21:46:30.757+05:30GM Crops – Relevance for Indian Agriculture<blockquote class="wp-block-quote" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-left: 20px;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: var(--font-secondary); font-size: var(--font-primary-large); line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight); margin-bottom: 0px;"><em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;">Dr Suman Sahai is a scientist trained in genetics and Founder Chairperson of the research and advocacy organization</em>, <span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: var(--font-primary-bold);"><em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;"><a href="http://genecampaign.org/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;">Gene Campaign</a></em></span></p></blockquote><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">What are GM crops and are they really what we need ? Are they safe to eat and are they also safe for the environment ? First it was Bt cotton, then there was the controversy over Bt brinjal. Most recently we have been discussing whether GM mustard has anything to offer India. All these are genetically modified crops to which there is both strong opposition as well as strong support, the latter largely from the biotech industry and a section of the scientific community.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">GM crops are those crops in which a “foreign” gene has been introduced. In the case of Bt crops , it is a gene from a bacterium. In GM mustard, there are also bacterial genes but different ones. There is substantial evidence that these crops can in some cases be unsafe for both people and the environment but this is contested by the biotech industry which puts out its own data.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px; line-height: var(--font-primary-lineheight);">So how do we go forward? I mention below some aspects that should inform any decisions taken with respect to this technology.</p><ul style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px;"><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;">New agricultural technologies in India must be introduced only if they can be successfully adopted by small farmers which constitute the bulk of the farming community in India. </li></ul><ul style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px;"><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;">Genetic engineering and GM crops are a privately owned technology unlike the Green Revolution which was a publicly owned technology. Agbiotech is largely owned by multinational corporations that are constantly undergoing changes and mergers but the players remain essentially the same: Monsanto, Syngenta, Dow, DuPont, Bayer Life Sciences and BASF. They control all upstream and downstream products and processes related to genetic engineering through a series of patents. </li></ul><ul style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px;"><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;">Countries like India can engage in Agbiotechnology only by licensing genes and research processes from the corporations. This means the technology will remain alien for the foreseeable future unless we embark on a flurry of innovations, signs of which are regrettably not visible so far.</li></ul><ul style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px;"><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;">This also means that the private sector is creating private goods for which it charges very high rates. The case in the Supreme Court against Monsanto on the overpricing of its Bt cotton is a case in point. </li></ul><ul style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px;"><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;">Apart from the implications of technology dependence in a critical sector like food, the research agenda gets determined by the technology available. At the moment there are only two genes on offer from the corporations, the toxin gene from the bacterium Bacillus thuriengensis (Bt) and the genes that confer herbicide tolerance. Neither is of great relevance to the problems of Indian agriculture, yet over 40 % of the agbiotech research being done in India is based on the Bt gene. </li></ul><ul style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px;"><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;">If India wants to use Agbiotech, it must set its own research agenda, engage in novel gene discovery and use genes discovered in its labs to solve its agricultural problems. It should encourage South- South research partnerships rather than depend on multinational technology. Countries like Cuba, S Korea and Egypt can join India to form a South Technology Core. </li></ul><ul style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px;"><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;">Genetic engineering which is a regulated technology the world over requires careful monitoring and oversight and a stringent regulatory system to detect harmful developments in time. Otherwise GM crops can cause serious damage to the environment and to human and animal health. </li></ul><ul style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px;"><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;">The genetic variability in Indian agriculture is one of the richest and most varied in the world. Because of this, it forms an important bedrock of global food security. India must be particularly careful that foreign genes do not contaminate native biodiversity and result in adverse impacts on such a valuable global resource. </li></ul><ul style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px;"><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;">The international biosafety convention, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety recognizes the dangers posed by genetic engineering and lays down the Precautionary Principle as the basis of using GM crops. India does not follow the Precautionary Principle though. India is a center of origin for rice , that is , it is the birthplace of rice. Other such centers of origin, like Mexico (corn) , has banned GM corn; Peru (potato) has banned GM potato and China (soybean) has banned GM soybean but India promotes development of GM rice. </li></ul><ul style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px;"><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;">The Indian regulatory system is not yet stringent enough, transparent or inclusive of public views so the chances of damaging lapses occurring are high. If India wants to adopt GM crops, it should do so only after it has set up strong regulatory systems and taught its farmers the pros and cons of using Agbiotechnology. Studies have found that over 95 % percent of the farmers who cultivate Bt cotton have no idea what it is, what the stipulated procedures for cultivation are, why these are important and what will go wrong if these are not followed.</li></ul><ul style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #111314; font-family: Lato, "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, verdana; font-size: 16px;"><li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: inherit;">A Citizens Commission on Agbiotechnology consisting of independent experts from various fields should be set up to advise the government on which agricultural technologies might be suitable for Indian farmers and to monitor their adoption and impact. </li></ul><div><span style="color: #111314; font-family: Lato, helvetica neue, helvetica, arial, verdana;">Source: https://savekumaon.com/gm-crops/</span></div>SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-75637129090303041652023-11-17T21:44:00.001+05:302023-11-17T21:44:11.092+05:30India lacks GM regulation<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><strong><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">You are one of the petitioners in the Supreme
Court against GM crops. What prompted you to file the petition?</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;"><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Gene Campaign (GC) organised a national
conference on the Relevance of GM Technology to India Agriculture in 2003 with
all possible stakeholders, including industry, civil society groups, academics,
government officials, etc., broadly representing all shades of opinions. The
Department of Biotechnology (DBT) rebutted every single recommendation, saying
none of these were needed. We then had no choice but to approach the Supreme
Court with a writ petition. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">The government claims it found no negative
impact on animals and plant. Is this correct?</span></b><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">The government has not provided data on
biosafety tests despite requests and questions sent under the RTI. For
instance, the Gene Campaign had asked for the biosafety data on Bt brinjal when
it was coming up for possible release but this was not provided. That’s just
one instance. Right from the beginning, the government refused to engage in
open discussions. This has not helped find a solution.<u1:p></u1:p></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">When GM technology is accepted in the US, why is there so much protest
in India?</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;"><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">GM technology is only the beginning. We have
many transformative technologies in the pipeline, all with substantial
potential for good as well as harm. We must develop stringent regulatory
systems to minimise risk in these cases. Shoddy regulation can cause often
irreversible damage. Let me also mention here that the US, which is one of the
strongest proponents of GM technology, also has strong regulations, including a
liability and redress law that ensures violators have to pay for damages and
clean-ups and compensate for economic loss. India does not have these.<u1:p></u1:p></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">What is the problem with manipulating the genes of food crops to get the
desired results?</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;"><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Interfering in the genetic material can cause
unnatural substances to be produced in the cell. These may be harmless or very
harmful. That is why the scientists who developed this technology, themselves
asked for a regulatory system that would test for unintended effects on the
environment as well as human and animal health. There are enough examples of
allergy-producing substances or toxic products produced by genetic engineering.
Careful monitoring is therefore a must.<u1:p></u1:p></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background: white; box-sizing: border-box; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Have we achieved the intended goal with Bt cotton?</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;"><u1:p></u1:p><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">No. GM crops have been bred for high yield or higher
productivity. The two most prevalent GM traits are Bt for pest resistance and
HT (herbicide tolerance) for weed control. The Bt technology has failed as one
can see from the Bt cotton experience. The bollworm pest has become resistant
and secondary pests have become aggressive and dominant. Farmers are either
moving away from cotton or are spraying heavily. The HT technology is a human
and animal health disaster. The two weedicides in use with HT crops are
glyphosate and as in the case of GM mustard with the undeclared HT trait,
glufosinate. Glyphosate is linked to cancer and mental health issues among
others. The link between cancer and glufosinate is not fully established but
there is a report of induced tumors. It is clearly neurotoxic, produces
cognitive decline and is toxic to animals and microbes. Its use in the soil
will cause severe microbiological imbalance and a deterioration of soil health.
Residues of both these dangerous weedicides are reported in food. As the
evidence shows, it is reckless and dangerous in the extreme to adopt HT
technology.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; orphans: 2; text-decoration-color: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-thickness: initial; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; letter-spacing: .15pt;">Source: The Indian Express, 16 Sept. 2023 <i>; https://www.newindianexpress.com/xplore/2023/sep/16/india-lacks-gm-regulation-dr-suman-sahai-2615286.html </i></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-21388823081407360782023-11-17T21:34:00.005+05:302023-11-17T21:34:35.628+05:30We must build a consensus on technologies which we need<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(75, 75, 75) !important; hyphens: auto; line-height: 3rem; margin: 0px 0px 1.5rem; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="background-color: #fdfdfd; color: #4b4b4b;"><b>Suman Sahai</b></span></span></div><div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; hyphens: auto; line-height: 3rem; margin: 0px 0px 1.5rem; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: rgb(75, 75, 75) !important; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="background: #FDFDFD; color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Not just
agriculture and food production, in any area where technology is involved,
whether science and technology, is fraught with dispute.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: rgb(75, 75, 75) !important; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The wrangling over GM mustard, which could become
India’s first genetically engineered food crop if the government has its way,
reveals the ongoing dispute in society on the suitability of GM crops. The
earlier engagement with Bt brinjal and the government’s efforts to release it
saw the same pros-and-cons discussions. Ultimately, Bt brinjal was not released
as scientists were unable to answer the questions raised by opponents or
provide safety data.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: rgb(75, 75, 75) !important; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Not just agriculture and food
production, in any area where technology is involved, whether science and
technology, water management or land use, moving ahead is increasingly fraught
with dispute. The ideas and development paradigm are under
siege, with disparate viewpoints unable to find common ground. Policy
formulation faces confrontational interactions rather than dialogue. Part of
this stems from the old paternalistic formula for development that came from
the top (meaning government), which was accepted till some years ago, is not
acceptable any longer. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: rgb(75, 75, 75) !important; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">People aren’t willing to be
placid consumers of a roadmap set by the powers that be, but are now informed
by wider concerns about the environment, social equity and larger
self-interest.Most new conflicts are arising in technologies and developments
derived from or based on biology. Many are related to food, livelihood
and ecological security. The 21st century is predicted to be that of
biology, the time when fast-paced and radical breakthroughs
will transform the science. Recent developments have led to transformative
technologies like genetic engineering including Crispr, Nanotechnology, Stem
Cell interventions, Genomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: rgb(75, 75, 75) !important; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: rgb(75, 75, 75) !important; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The technology, with its
associated features like knowledge creation, intellectual property rights and
access to key resources like genetic resources, has raised a set of major
controversies with deeply entrenched views on both sides of the divide.Part of
the problem is increasing privatisation of science and the fruits of scientific
research and resultant sequestering of information going into the private
rather than public domain. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: rgb(75, 75, 75) !important; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: rgb(75, 75, 75) !important; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">This is at variance with the
hitherto strong traditions of publicly-funded science and technology
development that was accessible to all. The Green Revolution, perhaps India’s
most visible technology, or at least one with the widest impact, was a technology
in the public domain, almost diametrically opposed to the current genetic
engineering, a purely privately-owned technology.<br />
In addition to increasing privatisation, there are concerns over the safety and
ethical dimensions of the emerging transformative technologies like genetic
engineering, nanotechnology and the “omics” range of genomics, proteomics,
metabolomics, etc. All these will change the way that food production,
healthcare and drug delivery will be managed in future and the ways in which
the natural and human environment will be impacted.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: rgb(75, 75, 75) !important; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: rgb(75, 75, 75) !important; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Building consensus and finding common ground<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: rgb(75, 75, 75) !important; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><br />
Most discussions on genetic resources, genetic engineering and
other transformative technologies are characterised by a culture of
conflict and opposition, discouraging constructive dialogue between
opposing viewpoints. There are few efforts to find consensus and commonality;
rather there is escalating sharpness in divergence of views and suspicion among
the key stakeholders about “hidden agendas”. In India, the lack of transparency
on the part of government agencies, unwillingness to share biosafety data and
the exclusion of major stakeholders in decision- making is becoming a major
impediment to the adoption of technology.Not in India, but elsewhere in the
world, there have been attempts to scale down differences and find common
ground as a prelude to reaching some consensus on controversial issues.
Conflict resolution structures have been set up in the past on the issues of
Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), with
varying degrees of success. In all cases though, the issue has moved forward
from the original stalemate. IPR still remains a contentious issue but the
concept of farmers’ rights has moved forward, with India playing a pioneering
role.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: rgb(75, 75, 75) !important; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><br />
The Keystone Dialogues hosted by the Keystone Centre in the United States are
carefully constructed deliberations that address the politically controversial
and technically complex aspects of an issue. Another example is the Crucible
Group supported by the IDRC (International Development Research Centre) of
Canada. This group was active in the field of Intellectual Property Rights
associated with Plant Genetic Resources. The Crucible Group discussions
produced rather divergent points of view on plant genetic resources but
managed to develop a consensus on some issues like joint conservation efforts,
including local communities and private companies, as well as sharing of gene
bank collections with local communities.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: rgb(75, 75, 75) !important; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">A transparent dialogue process
must be initiated to exchange data and build a consensus acceptable to
public, private, and civil society sectors. Diverse interest groups must be at
the table so that a wide range of inputs are available for decision-making. The
creation of a consensus-seeking platform should try to resolve differences
among the main protagonists/stakeholders as a first step, rather than seek
immediate solutions. The consensus process should try to make opposing parties
aware of the nuances of the other positions, even as they disagree. If this
starts to happen, the first steps in moving away from the all-black or all-
white positions can begin, leading to some agreed areas of action.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: rgb(75, 75, 75) !important; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-IN; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13.5pt;">India is poised for growth but
is hamstrung by muddled, often ill-informed goals for technology adoption. It
tends to fall prey to vested interests. The country needs to shake off its
confusion and develop a clear line on which technologies are suited to its
needs. The judicious adoption of technology can act as a motor for the
country’s growth. But we have to develop a consensus on the kinds of
technologies that are best suited for us and the manner in which we wish to
proceed.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #4b4b4b; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>Source: https://www.asianage.com/opinion/columnists/240923/suman-sahai-we-must-build-a-consensus-on-technologies-which-we-need.html</i></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><br /></p></div>SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-91089368943451156512023-05-13T14:49:00.000+05:302023-05-13T14:49:13.997+05:30MILLETS WILL STABILIZE FOOD PRODUCTION<p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Suman Sahai<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Faced by the vagaries of climate change and
its highly damaging impact on agriculture, we </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">need to look at ways of building resilience
into our food systems and ensuring an adequate </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">supply of food grains. Millets can be a big
part of the solution.Millets as a food crop were well </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">known in India and widely used. Many kinds of
these small, nutritious grains were eaten as </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">rice and some like ragi ( Eleucine coracana)
were made into a flour and then into roti. This </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">changed after the Green Revolution but the
change was seen more in North India where </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">millets practically disappeared from daily
diets . This did not happen in the South however </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">where millets continued to be eaten and did
not get displaced by wheat.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">Then an interesting development took place
this year which brought back attention on </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">millets. The UN Food and Agriculture
Organisation (UN FAO) declared 2023 to be the Year </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">of Millets. The highlighting of millets on the
global platform was mooted by Dr MS </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Swaminathan some years ago, to focus attention
on the importance of these highly nutritious </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">grains which had ceded agricultural space to
wheat and rice and fallen by the wayside after </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">the Green Revolution. Ever since the UN FAO
declaration, campuses across India are </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">holding programs on millets. Every agriculture
research station is conducting awareness </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">programs, the better ones are doing
exhibitions and demonstrations. How sorely such </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">awareness programs are needed is seen in the
near blank responses of the majority of </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">visitors when asked what they knew about millets.
Nothing.\</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Why are millets important, one might ask.
India is home to the largest number of hungry </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">people in the world and sits near the bottom
on the list of countries facing high levels of </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">malnutrition. India also , like many countries
in the tropical zone, is going to bear the worst </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">brunt of climate change. This means a rocky
agriculture scenario with unstable food </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">production. Wheat, North India’s main Rabi
(winter) crop is anticipated to suffer significant </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">declines in production as temperatures rise
with global warming. This becomes exceedingly </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">critical since wheat along with rice, is the
mainstay of India’s buffer stocks and its subsidized </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">food programs. These are the Public
Distribution System (PDS), the Mid Day Meal Scheme </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">in schools, The ICDS ( Integrated Child
Development Services Scheme) as well as the </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Annapurna and Antodaya food schemes.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Millets can play a major role in addressing
these challenges to India’s food and nutrition </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">security. That’s because millets are hardy
crops with a wide adaptation window which allows </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">them to grow in diverse agro-ecological zones.
They grow in high altitudes, in low altitudes </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">like the plains of India and almost everywhere
else. They need little water and have high </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">temperature tolerance. Rice and wheat, even
maize, the main staples are not so flexible and </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">are adapted to specific agro climatic zones.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">On top of all this, the photosynthesis system
of millets is more efficient than that of wheat </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">and rice. In scientific jargon, millets are C4
crops whereas rice and wheat are C3 crops. C4 </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">crops have a higher water use efficiency and
are productive in climatic conditions that are </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">hot and dry. C3 crops on the other hand,
suffer under hot and dry conditions and lose</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">productivity. That is the reason, millets will
perform well under the hot and water stressed </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">conditions brought about by climate change and
will hence stabilise food production better </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">than wheat and rice. So much for the
production of food grains.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">The other stellar role that millets can play
is in alleviating malnutrition. This is especially </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">relevant for states like Uttarakhand which
show appalling figures for malnutrition. Millets are </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">nutrition bombs that are loaded with vitamins
and minerals like calcium, iron, magnesium, </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">manganese and several others. Finger millet,
also called ragi and madua is loaded with </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 107%;">calcium. Barnyard millet called sawa in UP and
Bihar and madira in Uttarakhand, is a </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">powerhouse of iron. These micronutrients are
the key to good health and their deficiency is </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">the main cause of under nutrition and
malnutrition. Mainstreaming millets and incorporating </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">them in family diets will go a long way in
helping to improve the nutritional status of our poor. </span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">But to get there, a lot of work needs to be
done.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">D</span><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">r Suman Sahai is a scientist and founder
chairperson of the Gene Campaign, a leading </span></i><i><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">research and advocacy organization. She can be
reached at mail@genecampaign.org .</span></i></p><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><p></p><p></p>SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-86683496194210668532023-03-16T21:19:00.003+05:302023-03-16T21:19:15.132+05:30 STUBBLE BURNING COULD HAVE BEEN ADDRESSED IN THE RECENT BUDGET<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><i>Suman Sahai</i></span></p><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The components
of the 2023-24 budget have been analysed in great detail as every year.
Allocations to agriculture have not been dazzling this time . The Doubling
Farmers Income program which was to achieve its spectacular goal by 2022 has
failed decisively and there was no evidence of further support to this overly
ambitious project. The expectation that big grants would be seen in the
agriculture sector to make farmers happy before the 2024 general election was
also belied. But the possibility remains open of some block buster bonanza for
farmers being announced closer to the elections. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">What I would
have liked to see in the agriculture budget though is some allocation for farm
machinery and technology to control or do away with stubble burning. Stubble
refers to the lower portion of the stalk and root of the rice, wheat or any
other crop that is left in the field after the top portion of the crop, which
carries the food grain, has been harvested. The stubble is burnt to remove it
from the field to prepare the field for the next crop.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Finding a
solution to remove crop residues by alternative means is eminently doable and
not supporting it in the budget has been a missed opportunity. The impact of
stubble burning on the environment especially the air quality is colossal for
the 10- 15 days that stubble is burnt post the kharif crop harvest in November-
December.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The harmful
smoke generated from stubble burning has become a plague not just in Delhi
where it receives the most attention but in all of north India. Doctors in
hospitals across regions of north India confirm that poor quality air during
winter is causing great damage to the health of people , especially children.
Respiratory diseases are on the rise and the elderly are highly vulnerable to
the cocktail of pollutants in the smoggy, hazy air. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On a recent visit to Goa, I was shocked to
find that the practice of burning crop residues in the field has reached there
as well. This is likely to spread to other agriculture areas. In the absence of
an alternate means of freeing the fields of the previous crop and making them
ready for the next crop, clearing by setting fire to the stubble is the
cheapest and easiest way available to the farmer.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">It is surprising
that no serious effort has been made to address this problem since simple
technological interventions exist already. Much of the wheat and paddy harvest
in Punjab, Haryana and Western UP is done by the Harvester Combine, a machine that
cuts the top portion of the plant carrying the grain bearing<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ëars”.This machine leaves about 12 inches of
the straw in the field . This stubble has to be removed and the economics of
farming is so precarious that the farmers cannot spend extra money on labour to
remove the stubble manually before planting the next crop. Farmers thus have no
choice but to set fire to the stubble to clear their fields.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The easiest most
straightforward solution is to modify the harvester machines to cut the
stem/straw close to the ground, leaving no stubble in the field. Harvester
Combines abroad have this simple feature with an addition. The same machine cuts
all the straw, threshes and separates the grain and rolls up the straw into
bundles. Those who have traveled abroad will have seen such bales of straw
lying in the fields after the machines have removed the grain. Incorporating
this feature is not rocket science and can be easily done in Indian Harvester
Combines.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">After years of
worsening air pollution every winter, I would have liked to see some response
in the budget. An incentive or subsidy can be provided to manufacturers of
Harvester Combines so that they can modify their machines to cut stubble at
ground level so no stubble is left to burn. This one-time subsidy would not be
a large one and can be recovered over one or two harvests from the machine manufacturers.
There could be many ways of doing this so that farmers are not made to bear the
cost.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There is another
aspect to this. When farmers have to burn the stubble, they lose in many ways.
They are losing that much straw that can be used as fodder for livestock.
Surplus biomass left post harvest can be used to make hard and soft boards for
use in construction and furnishing interiors, packing material and a valuable
product called biochar to improve soil health. But more on that next time. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dr Suman Sahai is a scientist and chairperson of the research and
advocacy group Gene Campaign.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The Citizen, 23
Feb 2023<o:p></o:p></span></p><br /><p></p>SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-11430910903083535992023-01-20T18:01:00.003+05:302023-01-20T18:01:33.042+05:30UTUQAQ- Ice that Lasts Year after Year<p><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Suman Sahai</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">There
is a 2020 <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>film out of Greenland called
Utuqaq which translates to ‘ice that lasts year after year’, in other words permanent
ice. Made by Iva Radivojevic, the film is about the Arctic ice which is now
melting because of global warming. And as the ice melts, nations are scrambling
to corner the ‘real estate’ that is getting uncovered as hundreds of meters thick
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ice melts away thanks to the destruction
that we have wrought upon this planet. The vanquished Arctic is being turned
into a commercial hub and greedy prospectors are already scrounging for
minerals and resources to fill the never ending demands of the voracious
consumer.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">As
all this happens, scientists go about their business, drilling meters deep for
ice samples to study what happened on Earth thousands, maybe millions of years
ago, for as the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sutradhar</i> of the film
says, the ice has a long memory and in it are locked the secrets of what the
air contained a million years ago. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">But
there is so much more that this Utuqaq ice contains. It carries embedded live
in its many layers, a chronicle of what the earth was like thousands and
millions of years ago. Which animals roamed the land which birds flew in its
skies and which worms and insects went about their business in these parts. It
has the record of which plants flourished in these regions and yes…it also
has<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>locked in its sheets of permafrost,
the previously known and as yet unknown bugs that inhabited the ecosystems of
the then Earth. Frozen in Utuqaq are also the bacteria and viruses that this
generation of Homo sapiens has perhaps never encountered.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The
world was turned on its head by the pandemic unleashed by the </span><span style="background: white; color: #202124; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">SARS-CoV-2
virus, better known as the Corona virus. We are still not free of the Corona
virus and if experts are to be believed, that serendipitous state is unlikely
to return. Waiting in the wings are the bugs that were scrubbed out years ago,
like smallpox and the as yet encountered viruses and bacteria, that will emerge
from the destruction of once pristine ecosystems. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">As global </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">temperatures
continued to rise, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">scientists predicted that with the thawing of the
permafrost, ancient </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">infectious agents</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> trapped in the
ice for millennia, could be released. Humans would encounter these </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">new agents , bacteria, viruses, even others for the first time
and thus have no immunity against them. Already, such events are being
reported. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In a remote area of Siberia not
so long </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">ago,
when</span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> the permafrost thawed, it released the frozen spores
of the Anthrax </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">bacterium into</span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> nearby water and soil and
then into the food supply. This resulted in the death of thousands of reindeer
and of one boy. Hundreds were hospitalized</span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">. </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Russian scientists studying the
permafrost had predicted in 2011 when the situation with global warming began
to look dire, that with permafrost melting, “the vectors of deadly infections
of the 18th and 19th centuries may come back, especially near the cemeteries
where the victims of these infections were buried.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">In 2014 and 2015 scientists
discovered two still infectious viruses from a chunk of 30,000-year-old
Siberian permafrost. Although <i>these </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">viruses only infected amoeba, they are a harbinger of what could await
us. Remember that the Corona virus first infected only bats and then somehow
found its way to humans. Such discoveries are indications that other viruses
like the smallpox virus, now eradicated due to extensive vaccinations, could
emerge once again from thawing permafrost, as can the virus causing the Spanish
flu, the earlier pandemic that took some 50 million lives worldwide.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">There
is in addition, informed speculation that human viruses from very early times
are likely to be captured in the sheets of the Utuqaq ice. </span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is possible that disease causing agents, microorganisms like
bacteria and virus , fungi and protozoa that coexisted with the early human
populations that populated the Arctic are frozen in its soil and ice. As the
Arctic ice melts and the land is exposed, these infectious agents would come
into contact with humans. There are several indications that ancient humans
like Neanderthals and Denisovans were plagued by bacterial and viral diseases
like smallpox. There were other disease causing bugs which might have
disappeared but remain frozen in the ancient soil. As temperatures rise -these
bugs could come to active life and multiply, creating a dangerous source of
diseases for<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the current human
population. This here is just one more reminder that pathogens never really go
away, they just lurk around the corner waiting for a favourable situation to
emerge so that they can jump back in. As the climate turbulence hurtles on,
creating un-programmed and unpredictable situations, we can worry about
potentially catastrophic scenarios unfolding. <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dr Suman Sahai is a
scientist trained in genetics and chairperson of the Gene Campaign<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 22.5pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Source: The Citizen, 16 January 2023<o:p></o:p></span></p>SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-71258475777215466602023-01-20T17:57:00.002+05:302023-01-20T17:57:54.333+05:30SOME CRITICAL QUESTIONS ON GM MUSTARD <p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><b>SUMAN SAHAI</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">GM mustard is at
the center of an animated discussion with the participation of a broad cross
section of people including scientists and medical professionals. The reason is
probably because GM mustard, unlike Bt cotton, is a food crop so</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">it</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> has
provoked concerns and questions. This is a good sign because these new and
transformative technologies must be subjected to rigorous debate and scrutiny before
adoption.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">So what is this
GM mustard, and why is even the scientific community concerned about its
relevance and safety? Technically known as DMH 11 or Dhara Mustard Hybrid 11,
this is a genetically engineered crop which has used a special scientific
process using the Bar-Barnase-Barstar gene system to create a hybrid mustard
plant. The Bar gene confers the Herbicide Tolerant (HT) trait which makes the
GM mustard<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a herbicide tolerant (HT)
crop. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DMH 11 is
projected by its developers to be higher yielding than existing mustard
varieties. This claim is challenged by mustard scientists who point out that
varieties with higher yield are already in the market. Available data shows
that the NON GM hybrids NDDB-DMH 1, NDDB DMH 3 and NDDB DMH 4 for instance have
higher yields than the GM DMH 11.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Because of the
fear that GM mustard could damage honeybees and hence honey production, the
government body GEAC (Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee) had directed the
developers of GM mustard to conduct tests on its impact on honeybees, other
insect pollinators and soil microbial diversity. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">But this
direction was flouted in a shocking violation of government rules and
permission was granted for the environmental release of GM mustard. This is not
the way that risky new technologies should be adopted : by cutting corners and
violating biosafety recommendations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Even more
worrying in my view is that fact that the GM mustard is a Herbicide Tolerant
(HT) crop. The HT technology is designed to control weeds by spraying chemicals
that kill plants. An HT crop is one in which a gene has been engineered to
protect it from the herbicide. So a field of HT mustard can be sprayed with a
herbicide which will kill all the surrounding biodiversity but not the HT
mustard crop. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Using
chemicals to control weeds in the large farms and labor deficit conditions of
industrial countries may work but </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">does
this work for Indian farming ? Let’s see why not. Firstly, weeding is an income
source in rural areas, especially for women. The HT trait is essentially a
labour saving and hence a labour displacing trait which will deprive
agriculture labour of income.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Weeds are considered a nuisance in the
monoculture agricultural systems of industrial nations. Not so in India and
other developing countries , many so called “weeds’’ are useful plants. Plants
collected during weeding provide nutritious leafy greens,<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> saag</i> like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bathua</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">chaulai </i>for the farm family<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">. </i>So weeds provide food and nutrition at
no cost. This access to free nutrition is one of the reasons why nutritional
status is somewhat better among the rural poor than among the urban poor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">The plants collected during weeding that are
not consumed by the family, serve as fodder for the livestock that rural
families keep as additional food and income sources. India is a fodder deficit
country and increasing fodder availability is one of the key concerns of the
agricultural research system. Using HT crops like GM mustard and the accompanying
herbicides will destroy the fodder plants that are available for free. This
makes no sense at all. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-fareast-font-family: Batang;">In addition to the food and fodder that they provide,
so called weeds are also the medicinal plants that rural families depend on for
health and veterinary care. The introduction of HT crops would kill the
surrounding vegetation and deprive rural communities of the medicinal plants
which form the basis of indigenous healing traditions. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">It is well known that about 80% of rural
communities across the world are dependent on medicinal plants and indigenous
systems of medicine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Destroying the
vegetation around crop fields would deprive village communities of crucial
health care opportunities especially when the formal system does not adequately
address their health and veterinary care requirements.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Apart from this, using herbicide tolerant crops
would make it impossible to do intercropping and mixed farming which is done to
provide additional food and increased farm incomes. Traditionally farmers usually
plant more than one crop in the field. Sugar cane for instance is interspersed
with lentils or mustard and it is not uncommon to find farmers planting mustard
along with wheat, to be harvested one after the other or linseed together with
lentils. Mixed cropping is widely practiced, with differing combinations of
crops depending on the region. Often farmers will grow crops like yams, ginger
or vegetables on the bunds surrounding rice fields. Thus two or three kinds of
produce are available from the field in the same season. This advantage would
be lost if the package of herbicide tolerant crop varieties and herbicide use
would be implemented. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Clearly, the adoption of HT technology in Indian agriculture is
detrimental to our interests. The Technical Expert Committee appointed by the
Supreme Court to provide expert advice on the matter of GM crops had in fact
recommended a ban on the adoption of Herbicide Tolerant technology. The
government must take heed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Dr Suman Sahai is a scientist trained in
genetics and chairperson of the Gene Campaign <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Source: Times of India,
4 January, 2023<o:p></o:p></span></p>SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-8108486096455098412023-01-20T17:54:00.001+05:302023-01-20T17:54:36.240+05:30PROBLEMS WITH GM MUSTARD<p><b><span style="font-family: arial;"> Suman Sahai</span></b></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: arial;">There is a furore over the approval granted to India’s
first food crop, GM mustard (Brassica juncea). Activists, consumers, farmers
and scientists have risen in protest against the government’s approval for the
environmental release of a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>genetically
engineered crop despite outstanding concerns.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">The GM Mustard hybrid DMH 11 has been projected as a
high yielding variety that will increase the production of edible oil in the
country and reduce our import bill. But this claim does not appear to be
substantiated by official data. Scientists of the government’s Directorate of
Rapeseed-Mustard Research (DRMR) have said that there are mustard varieties in
existence already that show substantially higher yield than the GM hybrid. </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">India is self-sufficient in mustard oil, meeting its
requirement </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">through domestic production, not imports. According to
the data on import of edible oils, 2020- 2021, the maximum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>import of edible oils is that of palm oil
(7491 MT), soybean (2866 MT ) and sunflower (1894 MT) oil, followed by
palmolein (686 MT ) and CPKO ( Crude Palm Kernel Oil (143 MT ).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Edible oil
preferences are region specific. Mustard oil is consumed largely in northern
and eastern India. India produces enough to meet this need. Any surplus mustard
oil would not fill the deficit, say in coconut oil in south India or groundnut
oil in western India. So the argument of needing GM mustard to increase production
of mustard oil through this GMO is hard to see.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: arial;">What is of
great concern though are violations in the regulatory process and exceptions
made leading up to the approval for environmental release of GM mustard. Dr
Pental developer of GM Mustard at the Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop
Plants (CGMCP) applied to the Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) in
September 2015 for approval of environmental release of the GM<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hybrid DMH 11. After evaluating the data and
the many comments received from different stakeholders, GEAC, gave directions
to the CGMCP to conduct further studies to assess the impact of GM mustard on
honey bees and other pollinators as well as on soil health.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Thereafter
follow strange and highly objectionable developments, Dr Pental wrote to the
GEAC on 10 May, 2022 asking for approval of GM Mustard without conducting the
tests directed by the GEAC. The GEAC referred this request to the Department of
Biotechnology and Department of Agriculture Research & Education, both of
who recommended that the developer may be exempted from conducting any of the required
tests. Strangely, the GEAC went along with this breach in the regulatory
process and gave approval to GM mustard. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: arial;">So in a
shocking violation of its own Rules and Guidelines, the central government
granted approval for the environmental release of GM Mustard on 25 October,
2022. The required tests are now apparently to be <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">conducted post environmental release of GM Mustard. </i>This is a
farce. The point of assessing such socio economic impacts of a GMO <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">before</i> granting approval is to catch any
harmful impacts in time.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Another problematic aspect of the GM mustard is the
fact that it is essentially a Herbicide Tolerant (HT) crop. This fact has been
pushed under the carpet highlighting instead a supposed yield advantage. The
government’s defence is strange, saying that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>since this HT GM Mustard is not labelled as an HT crop for commercial
release, it cannot be called an HT crop even if it carries the HT trait ! But
the government has taken cognizance of the HT trait by proscribing herbicide
use and threatening to penalize farmers if they do use herbicides with the HT
GM Mustard.! All this makes very curious reading.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Gene
Campaign’s PIL of 2004 on GMOs followed by another by Rodriguez in 2005 led to
the Supreme Court to appoint a Technical Expert Committee (TEC)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to provide recommendations in the matter of
GM crops. The government has stated that all the recommendations of the TEC
have been followed. This is clearly not the case as we see in the case of GM
Mustard which carries the HT trait.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: arial;">On HT
technology, the TEC recommends <span style="background: white;">“In view of the
concerns bearing on health, environmental, and socioeconomic considerations, a
moratorium on field trials of herbicide tolerant (HT) crops…. until an
independent committee comprising experts and stakeholders has examined and
assessed the potential impact of HT- technology and its suitability in the
Indian context.”</span><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: arial;">Once GM
Mustard is released into the environment and its impacts are felt, it will be
too late to do anything or recall/reverse the damage. And it is almost certain
that the Herbicide Tolerant (HT) trait will be passed on via pollinators to
Non-GM Mustard thereby contaminating the gene pool of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Brassica juncea</i>, the special Indian
Mustard.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">The HT trait is highly undesirable for Indian
agriculture as we see. </span><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;">Herbicide use destroys all the vegetation in
and around the field where the HT crop is cultivated. It therefore destroys the
biodiversity that is used by the rural community in many ways.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: arial;">In India,
this biodiversity is not considered useless, as it is in the west. These so
called "weeds" provide leafy green vegetables and many kinds of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">saag</i> like <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">chaulai</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">bathua</i> that
provide valuable nutrition to poor rural families; they also provide green
fodder for livestock kept by rural households. Such "weeds" are also
the medicinal plants that traditional healers use in the treatment of
human and animal diseases. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: arial;">HT crops
are clearly not in India’s interest. But what is truly alarming is the
violations of Rules and this slipshod method of approving GM crops <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black;"><o:p><span style="font-family: arial;"> </span></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"><span style="font-family: arial;">*Dr Suman Sahai is a scientist trained in Genetics<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>Source: Asian Age, https://www.asianage.com/opinion/columnists/201122/suman-sahai-slipshod-way-of-approvals-for-gm-crops-very-alarming.html <p></p>SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-69108886003724721062020-06-24T17:28:00.001+05:302020-06-24T17:28:44.855+05:30The Climate v Industrialists: Cyclones, Locusts and Covid are Only the Beginning<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<i><b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Our most powerful institutions seem to have a
death wish</span></b></i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 20.4pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">First we had cyclone Amphan on the east coast, then cyclone
Nisarg on the west coast within weeks. Not so long ago we had cyclone Hudhud
pounding Vishakhapatnam. Hudud came with such force and fury that after
finishing with the coast it swept 2,000 km inland to collide with the Himalayan
range and trigger avalanches there.<br />
<br />
Along with these disasters we are having a locust attack, for the first time in
30 years. Locust swarms have streamed in from neighbouring Pakistan and are
active in Rajasthan, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Uttar
Pradesh, mowing down 50,000 hectares of crops and creating a possible food
crisis even as we try to survive the COVID19 pandemic.<br />
<br />
So is there a common thread running through these disasters? There is: it’s climate
change.<br />
<br />
The world has been talking about global warming and climate change for years.
Scientific evidence has been pouring in for the last 35 years showing us how
pollution, deforestation and the large-scale stripping of the Earth’s
biodiversity cover is causing the planet to get warmer.<br />
<br />
Scientists have also been predicting for at least a quarter of a century that
global warming would bring greater climate turbulence like extreme weather
events. A spate of hurricanes, cyclones, bushfires and forest fires due to
extreme heat and floods in parched deserts was forecast, and it is happening
right before our eyes now.<br />
<br />
Global warming has caused ocean temperatures to rise with a concurrent increase
in the intensity of the strongest storms over recent decades. The strongest
cyclones have now become more common across the world and scientists project
that climate change will continue to make the strongest cyclones even more
powerful.<br />
<br />
In Asia and India in the past few years we have seen a higher frequency of post-monsoon
tropical cyclones over the Arabian Sea, but disturbingly we now also see an
increase in cyclonic trends in the pre-monsoon season as well. The cyclones
Hudud, Amphan and Nisarg bear testimony to this trend.<br />
<br />
And what do locusts have to do with climate change? If you join the climate
dots, there is a clear link between the current locust outbreak and the unusual
storm and rainfall activity around East Africa which is the traditional
breeding ground of locusts:<br />
<br />
The Arabian Peninsula witnessed a series of exceptionally severe cyclones in
2018 and 2019, which created freshwater lakes in the desert where luxurious
vegetation was able to grow in an otherwise barren landscape. The vegetation
attracted desert locusts hunting for food and provided them optimal breeding
grounds.<br />
<br />
By the time the next cyclone came, swarms of adult locusts were ready to fly
out on the strong wind currents of the cyclone and reach new regions. The
swarms moved through Iraq and Iran, and finally to South Asia. Feeding on grasslands,
crops and vegetation thriving in the uncharacteristic and plentiful rainfall,
the locusts could multiply into hordes through multiple breeding cycles by the
time they reached Pakistan and India.<br />
<br />
In India the damage to crops is estimated at Rs.100 crore so far and
anticipated to go up because the locusts are still active.<br />
<br />
Actually the FAO had already warned in mid-April 2020 that the unusual,
widespread March rains in East Africa were likely to cause a dramatic increase
in locust populations in East Africa and southern Iran.<br />
<br />
Despite the early warnings however, it was not possible to control the insects
because of movement restrictions imposed after the Covid-19 pandemic.
Insecticides could not be delivered in time and the locust hordes moved unimpeded
into western India from Pakistan and Iran around mid-May.<br />
<br />
Climate change unfortunately portends worse for crop safety. Today locusts have
received a climate fillip, tomorrow it could be another insect. One thing we
know for certain is that new pests will emerge and old pests will change their
behaviour as the climate changes.<br />
<br />
The only way to stay on top of this is to be vigilant in detecting emerging
trends and being prepared to stop a surge in insect populations in the earliest
stages, before they can take the shape of full blown attacks. India must do all
it can to protect its food supplies.<br />
<br />
And how has India prepared itself to face the climate upheaval? Not very well I
am afraid.<br />
<br />
In 2008 the central government responded to the looming climate crisis by
establishing an eight-pronged National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
comprising the National Solar Mission, National Mission on Enhanced Energy
Efficiency, National Mission on Sustainable Habitat, National Water Mission,
National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Eco-system, National Mission for
a Green India, National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture and National
Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change.<br />
<br />
The formulation of the NAPCC was followed by a spate of State Action Plans on
Climate Change (SAPCC). Sadly little work has happened under these national and
state plans, or at least not enough to make a dent anywhere. It’s almost as
though the climate emergency was not taken as seriously as it should have been.<br />
<br />
Granted there is a global dimension to climate change, but we can do much more
than we have done to adapt to the new conditions.<br />
<br />
Despite the repeated warnings by experts, why have “we” allowed things to come
to such a pass? Why, when the first signals were flashed did states disregard
them and continue stripping forests for mining, logging trees for timber,
clearing land for industrial estates, choking the streets with motorised
vehicles spewing greenhouse gases?<br />
<br />
The most powerful human institutions seem to have a death wish. We have been
landed in this situation, where climate change is reaching a point of no
return, because of the determined refusal to rectify this
“hurtling-into-the-abyss” model of development.<br />
<br />
Even as we battle the new coronavirus, cyclones and locust swarms, the Union
environment minister has opened up the mining sector without any regulations,
so that the remaining green lungs, our forests and our biodiversity can be
ravaged by industrialists wanting endlessly to dig out bauxite, iron ore, manganese
and coal from the bowels of the earth.<br />
<br />
Far from putting in place protective measures, we seem to have launched
ourselves on an accelerated path of destruction.<br />
<br />
<b>Dr Suman Sahai is a geneticist and chairperson of Gene Campaign</b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Source: </span></i></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/13/18943/The-Climate-v-Industrialists-Cyclones-Locusts-and-Covid-are-Only-the-Beginning">https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/13/18943/The-Climate-v-Industrialists-Cyclones-Locusts-and-Covid-are-Only-the-Beginning</a></span></i><b><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
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SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-34223078384608611802020-05-26T16:54:00.001+05:302020-06-29T13:57:48.010+05:30Returning workers can bring prosperity to rural areas<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
We have treated our migrant workers abominably. With no money to pay rent or buy food, these workers had no choice but to start walking back to their villages. Will they return to work in the cities that treated them so cruelly? Hard to say, but for the time being, at least, they are likely to stay with their families and make do with whatever they have.<br />
<br />
This tragedy is as much a humanitarian as an economic one. Workers have not just lost their livelihoods, they are now also staring at an uncertain future. Will the economy recover fast enough to absorb them again? Long periods of waiting and inaction will have a cost. Some of these people are unskilled labour, but many are skilled or semi-skilled. A large-scale deskilling could take place if they do not find work quickly because their skills will begin to rust and diminish if not used.<br />
<br />
One way to solve this mess is to enable rural enterprises that provide jobs and income opportunities in villages. They will plug the inequalities between rural and urban India, and become an engine of growth where it is needed the most. The skilled manpower that has returned home will raise the standards of such enterprises, and the labour will find work close to home. The neglect and injustice meted out to villagers in India’s development story can finally begin to be made good. The crisis can have a positive outcome if we are able to turn the current adversity into an equitable and inclusive growth opportunity.<br />
<br />
There is a great model which we can follow to establish rural industries: China’s Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs). It was based on value addition in the agriculture sector and rural subsidiary production. It started with reforms in 1978 when the country invested in raising agricultural production, agricultural mechanisation and liberalisation of rural markets. This helped start economic initiatives in villages and small towns. These enterprises were called TVEs, and went on to become the foundation for China’s formidable economic growth.<br />
<br />
As agriculture production went up, TVEs absorbed the surplus labour released from traditional farming, created employment in the villages, and increased the incomes of farmers and rural citizens. Once farmers established viable TVEs based on agriculture, they began to branch out into other industrial sectors and services. This diversification and growth of rural industrialisation was encouraged by the government. It resulted in the TVE output’s value increasing dramatically, helping absorb nearly 30% of China’s rural labour force. By 1996, these rural enterprises accounted for nearly 50% of the country’s exports.<br />
<br />
Despite their incredible success, they went into an abrupt decline after 1996. The reason was simple: The privatisation spree that overtook China as a prelude to its industrialisation boom. But, by then, it had created the conditions for an awe-inspiring economic success for the country.<br />
<br />
Our migrant workers were employed in several manufacturing and services sectors such as hospitality, automobile, textiles and garments, packaging and construction. Many of them have niche training and experience. They can be the foundation on which to build a rural industrial base.<br />
<br />
Rural enterprises will have significant advantages. They can compete with multinational products that are shipped to rural areas. Villages and mofussil towns have market opportunities, and rural enterprises can effectively cater to the consumer demands of farmers and other rural citizens. Once rural incomes start to rise – with an efficient and diversified agricultural and horticultural production unleashed from the tyranny of obstructive policies such as the Agricultural Produce Market Committee Act and the Essential Commodities Act – a TVE-like phenomenon will open up many more sectors for rural entrepreneurs.<br />
<br />
<b><i>Suman Sahai is a scientist and chairperson of the Gene Campaign</i></b><br />
<br />
<b><i>Source:</i></b><b><i><a href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/returning-workers-can-bring-prosperity-to-rural-areas/story-pXolyXaCN9McZMzkLm7khN.html">https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/returning-workers-can-bring-prosperity-to-rural-areas/story-pXolyXaCN9McZMzkLm7khN.html</a> </i></b></div>
SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-57041950683573186782019-07-23T16:47:00.001+05:302019-07-23T16:47:11.775+05:30Agro-biodiversity as a Resource<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Economic and Political Weekly (2019)
Vol. 54, No. 28</span><span style="color: #111111; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<i><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The ravages of climate
change will be particularly harsh in South Asia and India, posing serious
challenges to its agriculture and related livelihoods and to its food and
nutrition security. Though the high level of uncertainty about its
manifestation makes it difficult to deal with climate change, one of the most
effective tools to deal with it is agro-biodiversity. It is important to move
away from an exclusive focus on techno-fixes and towards time-tested resources
like genetic diversity and indigenous knowledge.</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Climate
change is upon us. The bad news is that there are winners and losers in the
climate change game. The worse news is that South Asia, especially India, is
likely to bear the worst brunt of climate change on its agriculture.
Agriculture production will be affected by factors like higher temperatures,
uncertain and reduced water availability, reduced soil fertility, increased
incidences of floods and droughts, and different kinds of pests and diseases.
Crops, livestock, and fisheries are all going to be affected by these sudden,
unpredictable changes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">With
respect to agriculture and food production, those who destroyed the environment
and laid the foundation of global warming, the “polluters” in other words, will
be its greatest beneficiaries. In a perverse reversal of natural justice, the
polluter instead of paying, will get paid. There is a threat that the fertile
regions like India and others in South Asia, which are currently three crop
zones, will get reduced to one crop zones in many parts. Whereas large tracts
of Europe which are essentially one crop zones today, will become two or maybe
three crop zones. This is patently unjust, but there it is.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">According
to studies (Parry et al 2004; Parry et al 2007), rising temperatures will
result in as much as 10% to 40% reduction in crop production by 2080–2100.
Indian studies (Aggarwal and Sinha 1993; Saseendran et al 2000) show that for
every 1ºc rise in temperature, wheat production will go down by four to five
million tonnes. Additional studies (Aggarwal et al 2000) show that rice yields
have been decreasing in the Indo–Gangetic belt, as also in the Philippines
(Peng et al 2004). Other crops like mustard, peas, tomato, onion and garlic,
all show a decline in yields as temperatures rise. The increased carbon dioxide
(CO</span><sub><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></sub><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) in the atmosphere due to global warming
could result in higher levels of photosynthesis, and hence some yield advantage
in certain crops like wheat, rice, and soybean (Long et al 2005). However, this
advantage is likely to be nullified by the much higher temperatures that will
accompany the CO</span><sub><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></sub><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
increase (Aggarwal 2008).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Knowledge
of Varied Varieties</span></b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So
how do we cope with the onslaught of climate change and its impact on food
security? The best bet appears to be agro-biodiversity and the indigenous
knowledge associated with it. Agro-<br />
biodiversity or the genetic diversity of crop plants becomes a valuable
resource only if its properties are known. Fortunately for us, our farming and
tribal communities have retained a significant amount of knowledge about the
properties of different crop varieties. This knowledge is accessed by
scientists when they are looking for varieties with certain traits, for example,
drought tolerance, to breed new varieties. The farming community knows which
varieties are drought or flood tolerant, which are early or late maturing,
which varieties are resistant or vulnerable to specific pests or diseases, etc.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Our
genetic diversity is still formidable despite our negligence in allowing it to
be destroyed. At one stage, it is estimated, India, which is the birthplace of
rice, had close to 3,00,000 varieties of this crop. A diminished number is
still being conserved by farming communities in different parts of the
country and fortunately, many are conserved in national and international
gene banks. Similarly, Mexico, which is the birthplace of maize, has hundreds
of varieties of it carrying a range of valuable traits that will help to
overcome production challenges thrown up by climate change.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">This
genetic diversity of any crop is a valuable tool to cope with climate
turbulence and the kinds of stresses it brings. China, which is the birthplace
of soybean, can use its genetic diversity of soybean to find varieties that
will allow it to cope with such stresses or other problematic conditions. Wheat
originated in what is modern-day Iraq and Middle East, the region of the
Tigris–Euphrates basin. The many varieties of wheat found in these areas will
help local farmers to tide over the flood, drought or new pests and diseases,
with varieties that are adapted to such situations.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How
do we have this genetic wealth, and who has created and maintained it? It
is the farming communities of the country that have created and maintained
this genetic diversity. Over millennia, farmers have faced adverse
situations like disease, pest attacks, high heat and drought, floods and
excessive humidity, salinity or acidic soils. Every time they have faced adversity,
they have noted that although some<br />
varieties of the crop went under, others survived.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Farmers
had the wisdom to save these varieties, knowing that adverse weather conditions
would come again. Similarly, they have seeds of varieties that mature early or
late or in between, can grow submerged in deep water as the rice varieties of
Bihar, or in extremely saline soils as in the Sundarbans. The farmers of
Rajasthan have crop diversity suited to extremely high heat and arid conditions
of the desert and the farmers of Ladakh have maintained crop varieties that can
withstand the biting cold and low moisture conditions of that cold desert area.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It
is now known that the traditional farming practice of planting a mixture of
varieties (never a monocrop) had a sound scientific basis. Scientific proof
that genetic diversity controls crop disease comes from a study done in Yunnan,
China. This showed that when rice fields were planted with a mixture of
varieties, the incidence of disease decreased significantly. When this was done
year for year, the fields became practically disease-free (Zhu et al 2000).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Irrespective
of the googly that climate change throws at us, be it high heat, low moisture,
unusual cold or untimely pests and disease, it is likely that we will find
suitable varieties that are adapted to such conditions. Scientists need to look
at this repository of genetic diversity and chances are that they will find
varieties to deploy in the altered weather conditions brought about by climate
change, and keep agriculture viable in the face of these new stressors.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Changing
Pest Profiles</span></b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It
is not just crop cycles that will go awry with changes in the climate. The fear
is also from the new pests and diseases that will affect our crops. Pests and
pathogens may come at unexpected times and throw existing crop protection
strategies to the wind. Farmers know the pests and diseases that are likely to
affect their crops. They also know in which seasons these will possibly
manifest, so they have had appropriate coping strategies. Unfortunately,
Integrated Pest Management has been given the go-by in official circles, and
instead, tonnes of poisonous pesticides get recommended to the farmer. But even
these come with a package of practices and a seasonality that is now often not
in tune with the changes in pest profile and the timing of the pest/disease
attacks. For instance, unseasonal rain and unexpected humidity will suddenly
invite pests and diseases like fungal wilt which were hitherto not known in
that period.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What
is apparent is that the uncertainty and unpredictability associated with
climate change make preparedness difficult (Chalam and Khetarpal 2010). This
coupled with our scanty knowledge of insect and pathogen behaviour and the wide
range of pests present in tropical countries, compounds the problem.
Nevertheless, there are some indicators. Studies show that cereals become more
susceptible to rust diseases as temperatures increase and an early onset of
summer could cause fungal diseases like “late blight” to appear early, thus
increasing the potential for more severe epidemics. Warmer temperatures are
also helpful to pests improving their survival rates and increasing their
geographical range which results in their overall larger numbers (Coakley et al
1999; Khetarpal and Chalam 2008).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Similarly,
moisture changes affect the appearance and behaviour of disease-causing
pathogens. For instance, higher humidity makes pathogens, such as late blight
and root rot in vegetables, extend their damage, and also increases their
virulence. On the other hand, powdery mildew species which can attack crops as
diverse as grapes, cucumbers, mango, and wheat are not so aggressive at lower
moisture levels. Increased concentrations of CO</span><sub><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2,</span></sub><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> similar to temperature and humidity, also create
unpredictable impacts on pest and pathogen performance. Higher CO</span><sub><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 8.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2</span></sub><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> levels combined with higher photosynthesis can cause
physiological changes in the host plant that can increase resistance to pests,
but other impacts could include faster evolution in the insect pests which
helps them to overcome the host’s resistance.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
evolution of new pests and pathogens, changes in pest–pathogen virulence, and
altered timings of pest and disease attacks are all features of pest and
disease behaviour under changed climatic conditions. It has become imperative
to have early warning systems in place that can detect pest and disease changes
in time to enable preventive or control actions. In addition, we will have
to reintroduce Integrated Pest Management as a dominant pest control strategy.
India’s wealth of indigenous knowledge about pest and disease control
should be revived. The strategy to use friendly insects should be restored
because they attack disease-causing organisms without causing environmental harm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Animal
Husbandry</span></b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apart
from crops, an integral part of Indian agriculture is animal husbandry. This is
of special relevance to small farmers and landless agriculture labourers who
depend on animal outputs for their income. Although small ruminants like sheep
and goats are popular, it is largely cattle and buffaloes that bring assured
incomes, because of the milk chains that have been set up to collect milk
practically from the farmer’s doorstep. Dairying gives landless agriculture
labour 2.5 times more returns than crop-based agriculture.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">India
is the world’s largest producer of milk. The milk revolution is based on
high-performance cattle like the crossbreds of Holstein-Friesian and Jersey.
Although they are good milk yielders, such cattle are also extremely sensitive
to high heat and water stress and are thus very vulnerable to climate change.
Climate change reduces the performance of hybrid cattle significantly due
to a number of reasons. These are raised body temperature and increased
panting, lowered feed intake and lower metabolic efficiency which results in
lower nutrient utilisation by the animal. This, in turn, reduces milk yield and
milk quality. Milk yield in such cattle can go down by as much as 40%.
Drinking water demand, already high, rises when it is hot, and is not always
easy to meet in dryland areas. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
answer to coping with climate change and maintaining dairying incomes also
comes from animal genetic diversity. India has a number of indigenous cattle
and buffalo breeds adapted to the hot, dusty conditions of scrub and dryland
agriculture. Such animals have a low water requirement, have good tolerance to
high temperatures and are resistant to many diseases. Compared to the sensitive
hence vulnerable cross-bred cattle, indigenous breeds are hardy and far better
equipped to withstand the ravages brought about by a changing climate. Our
strategy to maintain milk output should be to deploy locally adapted cattle and
buffalo breeds and protect and enhance their performance. Careful genetic
selection to pick out high performers in the native breeds, as well as breed
improvement programmes should be undertaken without losing any genetic
diversity (Garg 2010).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Sahiwal cows of Punjab and the Murrah buffalo of Punjab and Haryana, the Gir,
Kankrej cattle as well as Jafarabadi and Surti buffalo from Gujarat, as
also the Tharparkar and Rathi cows of Rajasthan will continue to yield well in
dry areas. Similarly, the Red Kanthar and Deoni cattle breeds of Maharashtra
and the Pandharpuri buffalo can be adapted in dairy units with similar climates.
There are several other breeds classified as “nondescript” that have valuable
genetic properties and strong adaptive features which make them important milch
cattle in a period of climate turbulence. Some indigenous cattle breeds like
the Gir, Sindhi, Tharparkar, and Sahiwal are reasonably high-yielding but many
well-adapted native breeds are low milk yielders. Scientific research is being
used to improve milk output despite temperature stress by balancing the feed,
increasing protein and fat in the feed mixtures and adding location-suited
mineral mixtures.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In
Conclusion</span></b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Clearly,
the challenge before India is to adapt as fast as possible to the unpredictable
and largely negative changes in the climate that are threatening its food and
nutrition security, as well as the livelihoods of its people. One of
the greatest assets we have in combating the impacts of uncertain,
unpredictable weather/climate is agro-biodiversity. This great resource of
genetic wealth, enviable in its range and sophistication should be one of
the main pillars to rest our adaptation strategies on and yet, it remains
neglected and abandoned by the scientific research establishment of the
country.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Genetic
diversity distributes risk and the greater the genetic variability in hand, the
better the coping capacity of farmers. Genetic diversity gives all species the
ability to adapt to changing environments and combat biotic and abiotic
stresses like pests, disease, drought and flood, salinity and submergence<i>.</i> It
has become more important than ever to collect and conserve as much
agro-biodiversity as possible, of plants, animals, and fish, and bring it into
breeding programmes and direct use.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It
is telling that the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture highlights the
use of biotechnology, that is, genetically modified (GM) crops to adapt to
climate change but fails to mention agro-biodiversity as an important coping
strategy. We need to correct this mindless techno-fix approach and look at the
time-tested resources like genetic diversity and indigenous knowledge that has
delivered solutions in the past and will do so again. The farmers over
millennia have faced adverse situations before; and they have the tools to face
these again.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">References</span></b><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aggarwal,
P K (2008): “Global Climate Change and Indian Agriculture: Impacts, Adaptation
and Mitigation,” <i>Indian Journal of Agricultural Science</i>, Vol 78, No
10, pp 911–19.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aggarwal,
P K and S K Sinha (1993): “Effect of Probable Increase in Carbon Dioxide and
Temperature on Wheat Yields in India,” <i>Journal of Agricultural
Meteorology</i>, Vol 48, No 5, pp 811–14.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Aggarwal,
P K, S K Bandyopadhyay, H Pathak, N Kalra, S Chander and S Kumar (2000):
“Analysis of the Yield Trends of Rice-Wheat System in North-Western
India,” <i>Outlook on Agriculture</i>, Vol 29, No 4, pp 259–68.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Chalam,
V C and R K Khetarpal (2010): “Coping with Changing Pest Profiles in a
Changing Climate,” paper presented in the national conference on Ensuring
Food Security in a Changing Climate, New Delhi, 23–24 April.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coakley,
S M, H Scherm and S Chakraborty (1999): “Climate Change and Plant Disease
Management,” <i>Annual Review of Phytopathology</i>, Vol 37, pp 399–426.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Garg,
M R (2010): “Managing Livestock in a Changing Climate,” paper presented in the
national conference on Ensuring Food Security in a Changing Climate, New Delhi,
23–24 April.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Khetarpal,
R K and V C Chalam (2008): “Management of the Climate Related Disease and
Pest-risk in Agriculture,” paper presented in the extra-ordinary meeting of the
SAARC Agricultural Ministers, New Delhi, 5 November.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Long,
S P, E A Ainsworth, A D B Leakey and P B Morgan (2005): “Global Food
Insecurity: Treatment of Major Food Crops with Elevated Carbon Dioxide or Ozone
Under Large-scale Fully Open-air Conditions Suggests Recent Models May Have
Overestimated Future Yields,” <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society of London</i>, <i>Series B, Biological Sciences, </i>Vol 360,
No 1463, pp 2011–20.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parry,
M L, C Rosenzweig, A Iglesias, M Livermore and G Fischer (2004): “Effects of
Climate Change on Global Food Production under SRES Emissions and
Socio-economic Scenarios,” <i>Global Environmental Change</i>, Vol 14, No
1, pp 53–67.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Parry,
M L, O F Canziani, J P Palutikof, P J van der Linden and C E Hanson (eds)
(2007): <i>Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability</i>,
Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peng,
S, J Huang, J E Sheehy, R C Laza, R M Visperas, X Zhong, C S Centeno, G S Khush
and K G Cassman (2004): “Rice Yields Decline with Higher Night Temperature from
Global Warming,” <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Science</i>,
Vol 101, No 27, pp 9971–75.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saseendran,
S A, K K Singh, L S Rathore, S V Singh, and S K Singh (2000): “Effects of Climate
Change on Rice Production in the Tropical Humid Climate of Kerala,
India,” <i>Climatic Change</i>, Vol 44, No 4, pp 495–514.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zhu Y, H Chen, J Fan, Y
Wang, L Yan et al (2000): “Genetic Diversity and Disease Control in
Rice,” <i>Nature</i>, 406, pp 718–22.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #EBF4FF; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #908686; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suman Sahai (</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="mailto:mail@genecampaign.org"><i><span style="color: #e21a2c; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mail@genecampaign.org</span></i></a></span><span style="color: #908686; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">) is with the Gene Campaign, New Delhi, a
research and advocacy organisation working on issues related to food,
nutrition, and livelihoods.</span></div>
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SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-39303773255539208032019-07-18T16:13:00.000+05:302019-07-18T16:13:14.928+05:30KIDS GO ON STRIKE TO SAVE CLIMATE<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">A young girl in Sweden seems to have taken a leaf out of Mahatma
Gandhi’s book on Civil Disobedience. Greta Thunberg was 15 last year when she
began to bunk school every Friday to sit outside the Swedish Parliament
demanding that Sweden do something about climate change. Other school kids in
Sweden joined her and they bunk school to sit in protest every Friday in front
of their Parliament. Since then, Greta<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>has inspired children across the world to join the rebellion against
extinction of life on the planet. They call it the Extinction Rebellion. Their
initial demand was for Sweden, to fulfill the goals of the Paris Ageement on
climate change but they are now calling on world leaders to act ‘maturely” on
climate change.. On March 14 2019, all of 16 years of age, she was nominated
for the Nobel Peace Prize.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; color: blue; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;">At the Paris climate agreement of 2017 , nearly
200 countries committed to limiting global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees
Celsius above the temperature of the pre-industrial age. If not 1.5 degrees,
then at least to keep the rise<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>below 2
degrees. But this is not happening. The US , one of the world’s largest
emitters of greenhouse gases that are warming the planet has withdrawn from the
Agreement and will place no restrictions on itself to reduce emissions. </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">The heroic and thoughtful actions of this extraordinary student
activist have led to a global children’s movement. On March 15 this year
thousands of school children from almost 100 countries joined the Children’s
Strike in a concerted global action to demand action from world leaders to halt
the destruction caused by climate change. From countries as varied as India,
South Korea, Australia, France and others in Europe and the US, the world’s
children bunked school to get parents and elders to start taking seriously the
climate disaster confronting us and to do something about it. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Even Indian children joined the strike, some as young as ten years
old. Some NCR schools were supported by their teachers to miss school and
collect at the Central Park in Delhi’s Connaught Place to demand a clean
environment that would allow them to breathe clean air. Anyone who has lived in
Delhi or the National Capital Region (NCR) which<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>includes Noida and Gurugram, knows that the winter
months are a serious challenge because of the toxic air quality. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">The children of the NCR joined the global Extinction Rebellion<span style="background: white;">, carrying placards with </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>slogans like Fridays for Future, because the
children’s strike across the world is staged every Friday.<span style="background: white;"> Indian school children articulated their demand for
“clean air, water and soils for our safe future” </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One placard said “ No Saans, No Vote”, telling
contestants in the upcoming election to take note of the environment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Medical advisories are issued to close schools and keep children indoors.
Among other things, the cost of air pollution in India is 10 lakh premature
deaths every year. This is apart from debilitating illnesses like asthma and
cardio vascular disease. All of this leads to reduced quality of life and big
financial burdens for the family and the government . India’s cities are some
of the most polluted in the world, with Delhi being tagged as by far the most
polluted. But it’s not just Delhi, almost all north India cities have filthy
air. Jaipur, Varanasi, Lucknow, Mumbai, any city really , is a toxic nightmare.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">What is scary is that according to all scientific estimates, even
adhering to the goals and targets of the Paris Agreement will not stop Global
Warming. There is so much carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere already that the earth’s temperature will continue to rise even if
we stop emissions today. Scientists assess that temperatures will rise from 2.7
to 3.0 degrees for sure. With the US withdrawing from any commitments to cut
emissions, its more likely to be a 3 degree rise. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) , the global
body that tracks climate change, has said that an increase of 1.5 degrees over
pre industrial levels will mean extreme weather conditions with floods, droughts
and cyclones,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>heavy and unpredictable
rainfall, heat waves, water shortages , melting glaciers and sea level rise.
This will cause havoc. And t2030 is just 11 years away.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">So what the children are doing should make the adults sit up and
think. No, sit up and panic. Many of the children have responded to adult
criticism of their strike, saying if we won’t have a future, then school and
education will not matter. The children are fighting for their future, the
future of the present civilization. The stakes are very high. Adults have to
get the message of the school strikes and make one last effort to save
ourselves from ultimate extinction.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Dr Suman Sahai
is a scientist and chairperson of the Gene Campaign</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
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SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-73809080298755912482019-05-14T13:32:00.001+05:302019-05-14T13:32:11.477+05:30PEPSICO AND FARMERS RIGHTS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Suman Sahai</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The PepsiCo case is getting curiouser. First
the company filed a case against nine Gujarat farmers seeking damages of 1.05
crores from each, for growing potatoes of a variety over which it claimed
exclusive rights. This was followed by a furor in the media, unusual since
agriculture and farmers are not front page news at the best of times and
certainly not in the middle of frenetic campaigning for general elections. Then
came the news that PepsiCo was withdrawing the case, rumored as it was , amidst
negotiations involving the Gujarat government that was brokering a deal in
favor of PepsiCo.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Even as newsprint is being dedicated to analyzing
the how and why of the company’s withdrawal, is the sober realization that
though the offer for withdrawal was made at a court hearing on 26 April , the
company has in fact not withdrawn the case against farmers as yet. So was the
declaration that they were withdrawing the case just a <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jumla</i> ? Was it just buying time to quieten the howls of protest
from civil society groups till they were able to work out a deal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">After an
overkill action against farmers with average land holdings between 1.2 and 1.6
hectare, the company probably realized the PR disaster<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of a huge multinational company suing small
and marginal farmers for enormous amounts of money. It offered an out of court
settlement with conditions saying<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="letter-spacing: .15pt;">that farmers “have to sign an agreement with us to
buy the seeds and sell the produce to us. Or, the farmers give an undertaking
that they will never use our registered seeds without permission in future.
Whatever stock they have at present, should be given to us.”</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Why on earth would farmers agree to this
bizarre offer ? They have committed no offence. It must be clear that farmers
have acted fully within the Farmers Rights granted to them under the Indian
law. Contrary to its claim of having an “exclusive” right, PepsiCo only has a
Breeders Rights registration for its potato variety under the Protection of
Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Act, 2001 (PPVFRA). Breeders Rights is not
an exclusive right, there are many exemptions to it.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the Indian legislation, legal rights have
been<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>granted to both Breeders and
Farmers. Farmers Rights grants farmers the <span style="background: white;">right
to save, use, sow, resow, exchange, share and sell seed of a variety protected
under this Act in the same manner as before the coming into force of this
Act.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This means that farmers can sell
the seed of any variety , even if it has a Breeders Rights registration, for
local use as they have always done. Farmers cannot brand this seed with the
Breeder’s name,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in this case FC 5.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Gujarat farmers were not
selling any branded seed.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <span style="background: white;">They have committed no violation of the law. They can
buy seed from other farmers which they have apparently done and they are fully
within their rights to cultivate the crop and sell it wherever they like.
PepsiCo has<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>no business insisting the
farmer buy seed only from them or that they sell only to them. This is sheer
bullying and intimidation.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Farmers Rights in the Indian legislation was
finalized after nearly ten years of negotiations with three different
governments and it was discussed by two Joint Parliamentary Committees. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Its structure was finalized by an Expert Committee
chaired by the legendary<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dr MS
Swaminathan. This author was a member of that Expert Committee and Gene
Campaign (of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which the author is chairperson)
along with others in civil society campaigned ceaselessly for the rights of
farmers in the Indian legislation on seeds. The PPVFRA was enacted by
Parliament in 2001 and it is accepted by the WTO-TRIPS as compliant with our
international commitments. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">India is the only country in the world to have
enacted an Intellectual Property Rights <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>law
on seeds that gives rights to both Breeders and Farmers. Under pressure from
the multinational seed industry, every other country has given rights only to
breeders which are increasingly seed companies like Monsanto and PepsiCo. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The Gujarat government that
is playing arbitrator in the PepsiCo case must do nothing to jeopardize the
farmer’s interest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The aggrieved farmers
should now consider filing a suit for injunction and damages against PepsiCo,
damages for the harassment and mental anguish caused and injunction against any
further harassment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="background: white; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dr Suman Sahai is a scientist and chairperson of the Gene Campaign</span></i></div>
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<br /></div>
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Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
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SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-49397165552424012722018-05-13T22:26:00.000+05:302018-05-13T22:26:20.587+05:30Declining monsoon and its effect on India.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: Tahoma; mso-themecolor: text2;">India (and other monsoon dependent countries) are
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monsoon period is a significant factor in India’s food self-sufficiency.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: Tahoma; mso-themecolor: text2;">The health of the monsoon essentially determines the
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food,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that will be produced. India’s
monsoon period has been on average 100 days long. This is the period during
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monsoon period is already reduced by about 15 days so in effect the total
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SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-79566877817603355302018-05-12T15:37:00.002+05:302018-05-12T15:38:07.244+05:30Water, food supply and impact its on food importing country.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "tahoma"; mso-themecolor: text2;">As our own experience with the south west monsoon shows
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unlikely locations, have caused the most upheavals in global food supplies. </span></div>
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-->SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-7640566101061275082018-05-11T19:34:00.000+05:302018-05-11T19:47:25.293+05:30Growing demand of food and reducing productivity of land. <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "tahoma"; mso-themecolor: text2;">The world is demanding more food each day. This is
principally due to the demands of a growing population but also because people
by and large are getting wealthier and want more and better food. Coinciding
with this growing demand for food is the phenomenon of climate change which has
already begun to threaten food output and reduce the amount of food available.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "tahoma"; mso-themecolor: text2;">These two simultaneous developments are threatening the
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chiefly floods and droughts slash away the expected harvests of major staple
foods like rice, wheat and corn so that there is less available. On the other
hand, a ‘getting wealthier’ class of people in both developing and developed
countries is wanting and able to eat better, especially meat and other animal
products like butter, ghee, cream, cheese etc. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1f497d; font-family: "tahoma"; mso-themecolor: text2;">All this is putting a lot of pressure on the land ,
leading to more and more intensive farming practices, using chemicals to
extract the maximum out of plants and animals. So you have an overdosing of the
land with chemical fertilizers to put in chemical nutrients rather than allow
natural organic nutrients to build up in the soil. Along with this comes the
excessive use of toxic chemical pesticides to kill the pests that follow
intensive chemical farming because their natural predators that keep them in
check are dead.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com13tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-62323577848497194272018-01-05T14:57:00.004+05:302018-01-05T14:57:51.757+05:30Agriculture Research in India: What is and What should be<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ultbs_RNSbU/Wk9DnQ-pOxI/AAAAAAAAAOY/VJM52dhKHVYAN1-bv3OdperhiATKrXUFwCLcBGAs/s1600/Cover_Food%2Bethics%2Bcouncil.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="842" data-original-width="595" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ultbs_RNSbU/Wk9DnQ-pOxI/AAAAAAAAAOY/VJM52dhKHVYAN1-bv3OdperhiATKrXUFwCLcBGAs/s320/Cover_Food%2Bethics%2Bcouncil.jpg" width="226" /></a></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">STANDFIRST: Agriculture
research in India is still dominated by the philosophy and goals of the Green
Revolution, argues Suman Sahai. Increasing production of the major staples (rice
and wheat followed by maize) continues to claim centre stage and the bulk of
the agriculture research budget.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br /></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The
annual budget of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), India’s
leading agency for agricultural research is not insubstantial: for the year
2014-15 it was Rs 61.45 billion.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Ranjan/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/1S6Q6FUY/LONG%20-%20Suman%20Sahai%20FINAL.docx#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> Of this, the bulk (about
20%) was devoted to crop sciences, 11% to animal science and eight percent to
horticulture. Strategic and frontier application research on the other hand,
got less than two percent. This reflects a lack of focus on research to prepare
for the current and future challenges facing farming and farmers. This is
surprising given that India is already confronting climate change in real time
and feeling its brunt every year in unseasonal rains, deficient monsoons and
unpredictable droughts and floods, leading to shortfalls in total food output.
Although natural resource management (e.g. for soil and water) got
approximately 12% of the budget in 2014-15, the approaches are conventional,
for instance using chemical fertilisers to ‘improve’ soil health.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The
real problem however is the traditional patriarchal approach to determining
what’s good for agriculture and farmers. Decision-making is top down, with
almost no consultation with farmers and other stakeholders on their needs, the
problems they need solved or their options for diversification. Formulae are
worked up in scientific institutions to solve this or the other problem or
achieve this or the other goal. Underlying all this planning is the sole
commitment to increasing production.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">On
the other hand, farming has undergone dramatic changes on the ground, like the
widespread feminisation of agriculture. Faced with declining returns from
farming, men migrate to cities for better opportunities. Yet this enormous
shift finds no resonance in setting research priorities even though it’s recognised
that women farm differently. Then there is the withdrawal of the agriculture
extension service that linked farmers to scientists, which means there is now no
communication between the two. Previously, the extension service would pick up
problems in the field, such as when a successful variety was failing or a new
pest had appeared. This feedback informed research which then sought a
solution. This is no longer the case.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The
adoption of Genetically Modified (GM) technology is a good example of how
research agendas are moving further away from farm needs. Critics have often
said that GM crops were a “solution looking for a problem”. Farmers were never
consulted about the need for GM crops, nor were the pros and cons discussed
with them. Some fifteen years after Bt cotton was adopted, farmers are still not
fully aware of what this technology really does. The mandatory insect refuges
are still not being planted and the number of pesticide sprays have not always
come down. As for the research itself, regulatory violations are commonplace.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Ranjan/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/1S6Q6FUY/LONG%20-%20Suman%20Sahai%20FINAL.docx#_edn2" title="">[ii]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Ranjan/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/1S6Q6FUY/LONG%20-%20Suman%20Sahai%20FINAL.docx#_edn2" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Although
exact figures are not available for the money channelled to GM research, there
are indications that it takes a substantial amount of the research funds.
According to the Department of Science and Technology, a number of public
sector research institutes, 51 universities, 118 research institutions and 64
agri- based industries were engaged in research on more than twenty GM crops.<span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="file:///C:/Users/Ranjan/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/1S6Q6FUY/LONG%20-%20Suman%20Sahai%20FINAL.docx#_edn3" title="">[iii]</a></span></span><a href="file:///C:/Users/Ranjan/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/1S6Q6FUY/LONG%20-%20Suman%20Sahai%20FINAL.docx#_edn3" title=""><!--[endif]--></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Transparency
in research, especially on GMOs, is a serious challenge as both public and
private sector institutions are reluctant to provide information. In 2006 Gene
Campaign requested the biosafety data generated on Bt brinjal, under the Right
to Information Act.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Ranjan/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/1S6Q6FUY/LONG%20-%20Suman%20Sahai%20FINAL.docx#_edn4" name="_ednref4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
The Government refused, saying the data was ‘Confidential Business
Information’. Gene Campaign had to seek the intervention of the Supreme Court,
arguing that information with a bearing on public health could not be
considered ‘confidential’. The Court then instructed the Government to make
such data available in the public domain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Defining research programmes for coping with climate
change demonstrates yet again that the research establishment works on its own,
without consulting stakeholders. The National Mission for Sustainable
Agriculture (NMSA) is one of eight Missions set up by the Government’s National
Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) in 2008.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Ranjan/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/1S6Q6FUY/LONG%20-%20Suman%20Sahai%20FINAL.docx#_edn5" name="_ednref5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span style="color: red;"> </span>NMSA’s Research and Action Plan
provides no information on the methodology adopted for identifying the priority
areas for research, nor does it mention the persons involved in developing the
agenda. The document reiterates positions taken decades ago. For instance, on
rainfed farming, the NMSA’s sole approach is watershed development, a position
that the Government took about 70 years ago when it adopted the National
Watershed Development Programme for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA)<span style="background: white;">.<a href="file:///C:/Users/Ranjan/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/1S6Q6FUY/LONG%20-%20Suman%20Sahai%20FINAL.docx#_edn6" name="_ednref6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The NMSA looks to biotechnology to address the multiple
problems of climate change, even though India’s sole GM crop is Bt cotton and
its research is restricted to insect resistance via the Bt route, and to herbicide
tolerance. Curiously, genetic diversity, widely recognised to be an effective
tool in global efforts to counter climate change<a href="file:///C:/Users/Ranjan/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/1S6Q6FUY/LONG%20-%20Suman%20Sahai%20FINAL.docx#_edn7" name="_ednref7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>, receives scant
attention. Yet India is a powerhouse of agrobiodiversity and could provide real
solutions to coping with drought, submergence, salinity, temperature rise and
new pest profiles. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Stakeholder inputs can bring new ideas,
new approaches and out of the box thinking informed by practical field
experience. But the Indian research establishment continues to turn its back on
this advantage. Likewise, it fails to take seriously or build on agriculture-related
research conducted informally by farmers and civil society groups. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Stakeholders
continue to use diverse platforms to speak up about what they would like
agricultural research to address. Below are the recommendations that emerged
from two national consultations organised by Gene Campaign on identifying
current research needs and improving farming. In a 2010 national conference on ‘Ensuring Food Security in a Changing Climate’<a href="file:///C:/Users/Ranjan/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/1S6Q6FUY/LONG%20-%20Suman%20Sahai%20FINAL.docx#_edn8" name="_ednref8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
</span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">priority areas
for climate adaptation research emerged from consultations with a range of experts
and practitioners from 22 States.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: HI;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: HI;">Specific recommendations
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-language: HI;">A knowledge-intensive, not input-intensive approach
should be adopted to develop sustainable farming systems. </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Traditional knowledge
about farming and coping with adverse weather should be incorporated into
research programmes to address the uncertainties of climate change, build
resilience and reduce emissions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">A
special research focus is needed for rain fed areas and a diversified model
including crops, livestock, fisheries, poultry and agro forestry should be
developed to minimise risk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">A
Centre for Climate Risk Research, Management and Extension must be set up in
each of the 128 agro-ecological zones. The Centre should prepare computer
simulation models of weather probabilities and develop farming system
approaches to minimise the adverse impact of unfavourable weather and maximise
the benefits of a good monsoon. Field research stations must house dynamic
research and training programmes on building soil health, pest management,
water conservation and the equitable and efficient use of natural resources.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Genetic
evaluation of traditional varieties and animal breeds must be undertaken to
identify valuable traits for future breeding, including tolerance to higher
temperatures, drought and salinity; as well as feed conversion efficiency and
disease resistance in animals.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Participatory
and formal plant breeding must be promoted to develop climate resilient crops
that are temperature, drought and salinity tolerant.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">In
crops, genotypes with a higher per-day-yield potential must be selected, to
counter the yield loss from heat induced reduction over the growing period.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Developing
balanced ration, feed and fodder regimes are required that will increase milk
yield of indigenous cattle and reduce methane emissions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">In
another national consultation to celebrate its 20<sup>th</sup> anniversary in
2013, Gene Campaign brought together scientists, civil society groups, farmers,
policy makers and media professionals to discuss what was needed to make
farming profitable and farmers prosperous. These deliberations yielded a wealth
of suggestions<a href="file:///C:/Users/Ranjan/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/1S6Q6FUY/LONG%20-%20Suman%20Sahai%20FINAL.docx#_edn9" name="_ednref9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>,
some of which are flagged below:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Farming’s
goal cannot now be the maximisation of yield (as in the Green Revolution model
of high yield at all cost). Minimising risk is crucial in today’s era of
climate turbulence. Minimising damage to
the natural resource base is key.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Map local resources and crop and animal genetic
diversity; </span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">develop
local resource based farming systems.</span><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Develop
region specific sustainable farming systems to exploit the genetic potential of
existing varieties rather than breed new ones.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Develop
gender appropriate farm equipment and instruments for use by women, given the
widespread feminisation of agriculture. Most farm equipment is designed for men,
which physically smaller women find hard to use.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Move
away from exclusive subsidies to chemical fertilisers. Create financial
structures to subsidise farmer initiatives that improve soil health using
different composts and organic matter. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Develop
early warning systems for timely detection of new pests, which climate change
is bringing in to new areas. Data on pest types should be compiled and shared
with farmers, along with training on the best approach to control specific
pests. An Integrated Pest Management programme incorporating traditional
community knowledge of pest detection and control should be developed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Focus
research on developing true breeding seeds rather than hybrids. Private seed
companies and public-private research collaborations tend to develop hybrids
which serve as an intellectual property instrument without necessarily
benefitting the farmer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">-<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">There
was consensus that an effective extension system must be restored, including
both education and responsive research to fix field problems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dr Suman Sahai is
trained in genetics. She is founder chairperson of the Gene Campaign (</span></i><a href="http://www.genecampaign.org/"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">www.genecampaign.org</span></a><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">),
an India based NGO which works on agriculture, food, nutrition and livelihoods.
Twitter: @sumansahai<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<i>Source:- For Whom? Questioning the food and farming research agenda, Food Ethics Council</i></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<!--[if !supportEndnotes]--><br clear="all" />
<hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" />
<!--[endif]-->
<div id="edn1">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Ranjan/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/1S6Q6FUY/LONG%20-%20Suman%20Sahai%20FINAL.docx#_ednref1" name="_edn1" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[i]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> ICAR
Budget Book 2016-17 [<a href="http://www.icar.org.in/files/ICARBUDGETBOOK2016-17(1).pdf">link</a>]<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn2">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Ranjan/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/1S6Q6FUY/LONG%20-%20Suman%20Sahai%20FINAL.docx#_ednref2" name="_edn2" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[ii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span lang="EN-GB">Sahai S. (2009) </span>Mahyco’s GM
rice contaminates natural rice in Jharkhand. <i>Press release </i>[<a href="http://genecampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Press-Release-Bt-Rice-Trial-Ranchi-20.01.2009.pdf">link</a>]<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn3">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Ranjan/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/1S6Q6FUY/LONG%20-%20Suman%20Sahai%20FINAL.docx#_ednref3" name="_edn3" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[iii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. List of Indian
Institutions with Research Areas. <i>Accessed
01/10/2017 </i>[<a href="http://www.dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/ANNEXURE-I%20-List-of-Indian-institutions.pdf">link</a>]<i><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
</div>
<div id="edn4">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Ranjan/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/1S6Q6FUY/LONG%20-%20Suman%20Sahai%20FINAL.docx#_ednref4" name="_edn4" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[iv]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span lang="EN-GB">Gene Campaign. Using The RTI Act [</span><a href="http://genecampaign.org/gc-resources/using-the-rti-act/"><span lang="EN-GB">link</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">] <i>Accessed
27/11/2017<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn5">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Ranjan/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/1S6Q6FUY/LONG%20-%20Suman%20Sahai%20FINAL.docx#_ednref5" name="_edn5" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[v]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span lang="EN-GB">Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change, Government of India. National Action Plan on Climate Change [</span><a href="http://www.moef.nic.in/ccd-napcc"><span lang="EN-GB">link</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">] <i>Accessed 01/10/2017<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</div>
<div id="edn6">
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
<a href="file:///C:/Users/Ranjan/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/1S6Q6FUY/LONG%20-%20Suman%20Sahai%20FINAL.docx#_ednref6" name="_edn6" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[vi]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a> <span lang="EN-GB">Watershed development programme in
India [</span><a href="http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/65134/10/10_chapter%202.pdf"><span lang="EN-GB">link</span></a><span lang="EN-GB">] <i>Accessed
02/10/2017<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
</div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Ranjan/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/1S6Q6FUY/LONG%20-%20Suman%20Sahai%20FINAL.docx#_ednref7" name="_edn7" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[vii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span>
CGIAR. Preserving genetic diversity: a climate change solution [<a href="https://ccafs.cgiar.org/blog/preserving-genetic-diversity-climate-change-solution#.Whxms0pl82w">link</a>]
<i>Accessed 02/10/2017</i><i><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Ranjan/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/1S6Q6FUY/LONG%20-%20Suman%20Sahai%20FINAL.docx#_ednref8" name="_edn8" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[viii]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<span lang="EN-GB">Gene Campaign (2010) National
Conference on Ensuring Food Security in a Changing Climate, </span>23- 24
April, 2010 New Delhi [<a href="http://genecampaign.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Proceedings-of-the-National-Conference-on-Food-Security-in-a-Changing-Climate.pdf">link</a>]<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="file:///C:/Users/Ranjan/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Temporary%20Internet%20Files/Content.Outlook/1S6Q6FUY/LONG%20-%20Suman%20Sahai%20FINAL.docx#_ednref9" name="_edn9" title=""><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">[ix]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
Gene Campaign (2013) Report of the Expert Brainstorming session on Profitable
Farming and Prosperous Farmers [<a href="http://genecampaign.org/report-of-the-expert-brainstorming-session-on-profitable-farming-and-prosperous-farmers/">link</a>]<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-77754552867787024762017-08-09T12:35:00.001+05:302017-08-09T12:35:17.186+05:30Discussion on GM Mustard<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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For a recent ( 1 Aug, 2017) discussion on GM Mustard see the
link below</div>
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SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-86202015330403450042017-04-01T11:02:00.000+05:302017-04-01T11:02:17.529+05:30The cropped-out GM tag<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><i>Field trials of genetically modified crops in
Maharashtra will have far-reaching consequences</i><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #0059a5; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suman Sahai</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Maharashtra government’s recent
endorsement for the field trial of five genetically modified (GM) crops —
brinjal, maize, rice, chickpea and cotton in the state — has set off fresh
controversy around the issue. The central government, so far, has been going
back and forth on granting permission for the field trials of GM foods. All
this is happening against the backdrop of a highly unsatisfactory regulatory
system that is under challenge in the Supreme Court and a report by the
court-appointed technical expert committee that has recommended a 10-year
moratorium on the commercialisation of GM foods. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Field trials are done as a prelude to the
commercial release of GM crops. There is no system in place as yet for the
labelling of GM foods, so what we are seeing is the government readying for
commercialisation of GM foods without labels, in violation of India’s
official policy.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">India’s official position has been for
mandatory labelling but it has failed to make any headway in implementing GM
labelling and there is utter confusion among agencies with overlapping
authorities and lapsed deadlines. The earliest position was taken by Codex
India which was housed within the ministry of health and family welfare and
subsequent to the constitution of the Food Safety and Standards Authority of
India (FSSAI), has come under the latter’s jurisdiction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">At the international level, India had joined
Norway and other countries to ask for mandatory labelling of all food and
food ingredients produced by genetic engineering at the 27th session of the
Codex Committee on Food Labeling (CCFL) in 1999. However by the CCFL of 2008,
India had changed its position radically. This was a result of India signing
the Indo-US nuclear deal in 2005 to promote among other things, biotechnology.
The US is opposed to labelling GM foods and under US influence, India
abandoned its insistence on comprehensive mandatory labelling of GM foods.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">On the domestic front, two developments have
taken place with respect to labelling. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The Directorate-General of Foreign Trade
(DGFT) issued a gazette notification in April, 2006 by which it prohibited
the import of any food product that contains GM material without the prior
approval of the Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) or the Review
Committee on Genetic Manipulation (RCGM). Further, if the imported food had
GM components, it would have to be labelled. The DGFT issued another
notification in July, 2007, which specifically disallowed the import of GM
rice. All rice imports had to be labelled “GM Free” by the country of export.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">In 2006, the ministry of health & family
welfare woke up to the reality of GM food and food ingredients freely coming
into India. It framed draft rules on labelling under the Prevention of Food
Adulteration Act, 1954 and introduced a new rule, applicable to both imported
and domestically produced food. This Rule 37-E mandated compulsory labelling
of GM food, including primary and processed foods as well as food
ingredients, food additives and any food product that may contain GM
material. Labels on imported food also had to declare that the food had been
cleared for marketing and use in the country of origin. Predictably, the food
processing industry reacted immediately and opposed the rule on labelling.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">What follows this development is unclear.
Apparently after two to three years of consultations, the health ministry
stopped pursuing GM labelling and as it appears, passed the buck to the FSSAI
which became operational by 2011. But as we will see, the confusion does not
end with the establishment of the FSSAI. In fact it was confounded by the
emergence of the Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India (BRAI) Bill,
proposed as the new regulatory system for GMOs. The BRAI bill has lapsed with
the change in government but it may be revived in some form. In any case,
since neither the GEAC nor the BRAI bill have the responsibility for
labelling, presumably the FSSAI will have to frame rules and protocols for
the labelling of GM food — a rather difficult and complex task for which the
FSSAI seems neither willing nor perhaps has the capability.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The next act in the labelling saga was staged
by the department of consumer affairs which promulgated the Legal Metrology
(Packaged Commodities) Amendment Rules, 2012 which mandated that “Every package
containing the genetically modified food shall bear at the top of its
principal display panel the words ‘GM’.” The FSSAI quickly opposed these
rules because it felt that the department of consumer affairs was intruding
upon its mandate but it has done precious little itself to develop any
labelling standards.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The FSSAI has nevertheless constituted a panel
on GM foods which produced a review of various labelling standards in
different countries. The FSSAI report tends to favour voluntary labelling and
echoes the view of the biotech industry that mandatory labelling will
increase prices for consumers and may limit consumer choice because GM foods
will be pushed out of the market as has happened in the EU.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Labelling reducing consumer choice would be a
startling argument from any perspective but in this case, it is of a piece
with the official Indian position retreating from its avid support for
labelling GM foods. At any rate, nothing has ensued so far from the FSSAI
report. As of today, India has no framework to implement the labelling of GM
foods.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">If India is planning to adopt GM foods, it
must first ensure that there are appropriate systems in place.
Operationalising labelling will be a very complex task given our fragmented
and decentralised agriculture and food sector. Our food is not sold in
convenient packages that can be labelled. It is usually bought loose from
local shops and vendors. There must also be a legal regime for liability and
redress. In its absence, who will be held liable for violations? Who will
have to compensate organic farmers if their produce is contaminated by GM
foods ? What if there is an accident and harmful GM material spills out into
the fields or the markets, as has happened several times in the US? Who will
be made to clean up the mess and compensate those who have been victims of
the accident?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">The author is a scientist and founder of the
research and advocacy group Gene Campaign (www.genecampaign.org)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;">Published Date:</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> Feb 03, 2015, DNA, Mumbai<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com11tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8708908112139751190.post-91198377305636362092017-03-23T11:14:00.002+05:302017-03-23T11:14:14.084+05:30DEMONETISATION & FARMERS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Farmers are
calling it a cruel irony. After two, in some areas three, successive drought years and failed harvests, in the 2016 kharif
seasons the rains were adequate and
crops decent. The farmer looked forward to some money, to repay outstanding
loans, prepare properly for the next crop and plan his life a little ahead.
Then the government announced
demonetization in the first week of November and all the money left the
market. This is the time when the kharif
harvest, largely paddy, had been threshed and bagged and was ready to be sold,
except there were no buyers. The traders in the mandi did not have the money to
buy the farmer’s grain because everyone’s money had been declared illegal. The
government did not print enough new money so the banks had no money to give
traders (or anyone else) to buy the farmer’s grain. What has been particularly
hard is that after two bad years, demonetization snatched away the opportunity
for a modest recovery.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Tahoma, sans-serif;">Harvest time
is the best time in the farmer’s life. The results of his efforts come home and
this is the time to pay off loans, repair a leaking roof or even build an extra
room for the son who will get married. Yes, post-harvest is also the time when
marriages take place.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Worse,
district cooperative banks where small farmers normally bank had been debarred
from exchanging old currency , withdrawing or depositing money. So farmers
could not use their accounts. With their accounts frozen, they were unable to
make repayments of loans they had taken, even as the interest kept mounting.
The government later announced some convoluted steps to attempt to ameliorate
the situation but we will need to wait and see what comes of it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">The
government’s reasoning was that the cooperative banks did not have systems in place to ‘Know Your
Customer’ (KYC) and could hence become conduits for “black money” deposits. But
this is not really true. Lakhs of farmers have fulfilled KYC requirements and
have been using the government’s Kissan Credit Cards. The unreasonable biased
action against district cooperative banks was discrimination at its worst and
it dealt a big blow to farmers and to the rural community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">Nearly two
months on from the first distress sales of the paddy harvest, reports come in
everyday of farmers unable to sell their fruits and vegetables at a semblance
of a remunerative price.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">In
Telengana, tomato farmers failed to sell their produce in the vegetable market
in Hyderabad. Some dumped their tomatoes right there because they could not
even recover the cost of transporting the tomatoes from their farms to the
market.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif";">This was allegedly done because many of these
banks do not have systems in place to ‘Know Your Customer’ (KYC). But this was discrimination at its worst and
it dealt a big blow to farmers and to the rural community.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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SUMAN SAHAIhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/01291303674490207524noreply@blogger.com4